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FINAL EXAM FOR A & P
ALL 16 CHAPTERS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| MOTOR NEURON | MOTOR CELL |
| MOTOR UNIT | NEURON + MUSCLE FIBER |
| MOTOR END PLATE | END OF AXON WHICH ACETYLCHOLINESTINE EMPTIS INTO |
| CURARE | BLOCKS ACETYLCHOLINE FROM RECEPTOR SITES NOT CONTRACTION DUE TO NO MEMBRANE CHANGE DEATH BY ASPHYXIATION |
| SOME ORGANOPHOSPHATES DOES WHAT ? | FOUND IN PESTICIDES + BIO WARFARE CHEM.INHIBIT ACETYLOCHOLINESTERASE BIO. WARFACE CHEM. |
| BOTULIN FOOD POISONING | BACTERIA BLOCK RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE |
| MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | MUSCLE WEAKNESS-DUE TO DECREASE IN RECEP.SITES FOR |
| MOTOR UNIT | MOTOR NEURON + ALL MUSCLE FIBER THAT IT CONTROLLS |
| FEWER FIBERS MEAN? | BETTER CONTROL I.E EYE |
| WHAT IS MUSLCE FATIQUE? | DUE TO NO BLOOD ACETYLCHOLINE EXHAUSTED LACTIC ACID BUILD UP--PH DOWN (PREVENT CONTRACTION) |
| DEFINE MUSCLE CRAMP | IS DUE TO LACK OF ATP NEEDED TO RMOVE CALCIUM (ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO PULL CALCIUM OUT) |
| MUSCLE RIGORMORTIS IS DUE TO | LACK OF ATP MAY LAST FOR 72 HOURS |
| SUMMATION | AN INCREASE IN RESPONSE TO STIMULI IN RAPID SUCCESSION |
| TETANUS | MAXIMAL SUMMATION ( LOCK JAW) |
| TREPPE | STAIRCASE OF SUMMATION |
| FATIQUE | DROP IN TENSION AFTER PROLONGED STIMULATION,BUT IF ATP SOLUTION ADDED WILL RELIEVE MUSLCE FATIQUE |
| THRESHOLD STIMULUS | MINIMAL STRENGHT OF STIMULUS TO ELICIT A RESPONSE |
| REFRACTORY PERIOD | TIME NEEDED FOR ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AGAAIN BEFOR NEXT RESPONSE |
| RHEOBASE | INTENSITY (HIT HARDER) OF STIMULUS SUFFICIENT TO ELLICITE A RESPONSE |
| CHRONAXIE | TWO TIMES RHEOBASE (HARDER) |
| MUSLCE TONE | CONTINOUS CONTRACTION |
| MUSLCE HYPERTROPHY | ENLARGEMENT DUE TO EXERCISE |
| SATELLITE CELL | UNDIFFERENTIATED CELL IN MUSCLE WHICH REPLACES INJURED MUSCLE CELLS: MUSCLES CANNOT UNDERGO MITOSIS, SO SATELLITE CELLS REPAIR MUSCLES BY GOING THROUGH MITOSIS |
| RATCHET THEORY | THEORY OF MUSCLE CONTRACION WHICH INDICATES RATCHETING OF MYOSIN FILAMENT |
| ISOMETRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION | CONTRACTION W/O LENGTH CHANGE (NO OVERLAPPING) NO INTER DIGITATION OF MYOFILAMENTS |
| ISOTONIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION | CONTRACTION WITH LENGTH CHANGE MYOFILAMENTS OVERLAP |
| THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO STORE ENERGY INSIDE MUSCLES WHAT ARE THEY ? | FIRS OF ALL MITOCHONDIRA (CELL RESPIRATION) PRODUCES ATP... |
| WHAT DOES THE --- IN A RESTING CELL STORE | SARCOPLASM (MUSCLE CELL); WITH MITOCHONDRIA(RESPIRATION) |
| WHAT IS STORED FROM LIVER W/O OXYGEN ? | CREATINE ALONG WITH A PHOSPHATE + ATP WHICH GIVES HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE BOND 4-6 TIMES MORE ABUNDANT THAN APT IN MUSLCE CELL |
| HOW MUCH ATP FROM THE SARCOPLASM IN STRESS | HALF WAY |
| HOW MUCH ATP FROM CREATINE PHOSPH.+ ADP=CREATINE+ATP ? | FEW SECONDS OF ENERGY (ONLY ENOUGH) FOR SECONDS AND REQUIRES RESPSIRATION FOR BOTH (SARCOPLASM, CREATINE PHOSPHATE) |
| TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSLCES | SOME FIBERS HAVE HIGHER ATPASE ACTIVITY(FASTER) SOME CONTAIN MYOGLOBIN (SIMILAR TO HEMOGLOBIN) INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES CONTAIN A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIVERS-THUS MUSCLE MAY PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS |
| WHAT IS SMOOTH MUSCLES | VISCERAL MUSCLE |
| THREE TYPES OF FILAMENTS FROM SMOOTH MUSCLE | ACTIN--THIN MYOSIN--THICK INTERMEDIATE ( CYTOSKELETON) |
| SMOOTH MUSCLE (DEMOGRAPHICS) | NO STRIATIONS NO ZONES- H,I,M ETC. ACTIN FILAMENT ANCHORED TO CELL MEMBRANE OR "DENSE BODIES" IN CYTOPLASM(INSIDE) WHICH ATTACH FILLIMENTS. |
| SMOOTH MUSCLE DEMOGRAPHIS 2 | NO TROPONIN CALCIUM REGULATES CROSS BRIDGE ACTIVITY BY INFLUENCING ATPASE ACTIVITY BY CALMOUDULIN(PROTEIN WHICH BINDS CALCIUM) ATP IS SPLIT(SLOWER) VISCERAL CONTRACTION TIME THAN SKELETAL MUSCLE |
| WHAT ARE THE CONTRIBUTORS TO SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION? | SPONTANEOUS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF CELL MEMBERAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER(AUTONOMIC SYSTEM) LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE,PH,OXYGEN, ETC. RAPID STRETCHING OF MUSCLE |
| DEMOGRAPHICS OF CARDIAC MUSCLES | STRAITED WITH WELL DEVELOPED SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM HOVEVER, LIKE SMOOTH MUSLCE IN THAT SOME FIBERS PRODUCE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY |
| WHAT LAYER DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARISE FROM | ECTODERM |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS TRANSMIT | BRAIN FAST TRANSMISSION |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS TRANSMITS | PITUITARY SLOW |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM PERFORMS WHAT? | EXCITABILITY CONDUCTIVITY |
| DEFINE EXCITABILITY | CAPABLE OF REACTING TO STIMULUS |
| DEFINE CONDUCTIVITY | CAPABLE OF TRANSMITTING IMPULSES |
| WHAT TWO CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WTH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | CENTRAL PERIPHERAL |
| THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF | BRAIN AN SPINAL CORD |
| THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTME CONISIST OF | NERVES FROM THE CNS TO MUSCLES, GLANDS ETC. |
| WHAT ARE THE COVERINGS OF THE (PNS) | SCHWANN CELLS |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF SCHWANN CELLS | FORMS A JELLY ROLL COVERING AROUND NERVE FIBERS |
| WHAT IS THE INNER COVERING OF THE SCHWANN CELL | MYENLIN= LIPOPROTEIN |
| WHAT IS THE OUTER COERING OF THE SCHWANN CELL | NEUROLIMMA W/O MYELIN CONTAIN NUCLEUS |
| IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD WHAT IS WHITE MATTER (COVERING AROUND MYELIN) | GROUPS OF MYELINATED FIVERS (PRODUCED BY NEUROGLIAL CELLS |
| GREY MATTER | UNMYELINNATED NERVE FIVERS AND CELL BODIES |
| NODES OF RANVIER | GAP BETWEEN SCHWANN CELLS |
| WHAT ARE THE ELECTRICAL ARCING OR JUMPING FROM NODE TO NODE | SALTATORY CONDUNCTION |
| WHAT IS THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE NEURON? | STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL UNIT NERVOUS SYSTEM (INVOLVED WITH THE REFLEX ARC |
| WHAT IS THE CELL BODY? | (INSIDE THE VERTEBRA)MOST CELL BODIES ARE WITHIN THE CNS |
| CELL BODY PARTS ARE ? | 1. GANGLIA= GROUP OF CELL BODIES IN A CLUSTER COVERED WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE 2. NUCLEI=GOUP OF CELL BODIES IN THE BRAIN +SPINAL CORD 3.CENTER=GRP OF NUCLEI ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR CENTER |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO PROCESSES THAT EXTENDS FROM THE CELL BODY?` | DENDRITE AXON |
| DESCRIBE DENDRITE | MAIN RECEPTIVE SURFACE OF THE NEURON (GOES INTO THE NEURON BODY) SHORT HIGHLY BRANCHED |
| DESCRIBE AXON | SINGLE FIBER FROM NERVE BODY MAY HAVE MANY BRANCHES AT TERMINALS (AWAY FROM NERVE BODY NEURON) |
| AXON PLASMIC FLOW, FLOWS FROM | CYTOPLASM DOWN THE AXON-THOUGHT TO SUPPLY NEEDED MATERIALS(CARRY NUTRITION DOWN TO THE NERVE FIBER OF THE AXON |
| AXON HILLOCK IS ALSO A PART OF THE | NEURON, CONICAL ELEVATION WHERE AXON LEAVES THE CELL BODY RIGHT AT THE HUMP |
| AXON COLLATERAL IS ALSO PART OF THE | NEURON BODY, SIDE BRANCHES FROM AXON WHICH DIVIDES INTO TERMINALS KNOWN AS TELODENDRIA |
| TELODENDRIA IS ALSO PART OF THE | NEURON BODY, FINE FILAMENTS AT TERMIANL END OF AXON |
| AXON X.S CONSIST OF | NEUROLEMMA-OUTER COVERING MYELIN- AXON SCHWANN CELL NUCLEUS |
| MYELINATION | PROCESS OF SCHWANN CELLS MYELINATION FIBERS NOT COMPLETE UNTIL ADOLESCENCE NERVOUS SYSTEM NOT AS EFFICIENT |
| PARTS OF CELL BODY | LRG NUCLEUS NUMEROUS NISSL BODIES NEURO FIBRILS INCLUSION |
| LARGE NUCLEOLUS | STORES MRNA |
| NUMEROUS NISSL BODIES | MEMBRANOUS SACS SIMILAR TO ROUGH E.R. |
| NEURO FIBRILS | FINE FILAMENTS WHICH EXTEND INTO FIBERS |
| INCLUSIONS | BY PRODUCT OF LYSOSOME ACCUMULATE IN NEURON+PUSH ASIDE OTHER ORGANELLES MAY BE AGING PROCESS |
| WHAT ARE NEUROGLIAL CELLS (GLIAL CELLS) | CAPABLE OF REPRODUCTION FOUND ONLY IN BRAIN+SPINAL CORD MORE NUMEROUS THAN NEURONS IN CNS TUMORS OF CNS FILL EMPTY SPACES |
| FUNCTION OF GLIAL CELLS | FILL SPACES SUPPORT NEURON HOLD(CONNECT)ORGANS TOGETHER PROTECTION AND CLEANING (PHAGOCYTIC) |
| ASTROCYTES ARE | TWINE AROUND NEURONS TO FORM SUPPORT ATTACH NEURONS TO THEIR BLOOD VESSELS RMOVE DEBRIS AND SEAL OFF DMAGED AREAS |
| OLIGODNEDROCYTES ARE | NEROGLIAL CELLS; FROM MYELIN IN CNS FORM SEMI RIGID CONNECTIVE TISSUE ROWS BETWEEN NEURONS |
| MICROGLIA CELLS ARE | NEROGLIAL CELLS HELP IN REMOVING DEBRI BECOME MOR NUMEROUS IN BRAIN INFLAMMATION SOMTIMES MIGRATE INTO INFLAMED AREA |
| EPENDYMAL CELLS ARE | NEUROGLIAL CELLS CUBOIDAL/COLUMNAR SOMETIMES WITH CILIA FORM (ONE CELL LAYER) MEMBRANES |
| MEMBRANES OF THE NEUROGLIAL CELLS LINES | CAVITIES: VENTRICLES(SPACES OF THE BRAIN) CENTRAL CANAL ( SPINAL CORD CANAL) CHOROID PLEXUS: SPECIAL CAPILLARIES WHICH SECRETE INTO VENTRICLES , FORMS THE BRAIN FLUID |
| SOMATIC SENSES OF TOUCH | CORPUSCLES OF TOUCH (MEISNER'S CORPUSCLES) HAIR ROOT PLEXI HAIR ROOT PLEXI |
| SHALLOW TOUCH | MERKEL DISCS (TOUCH STRATUM BASALE |
| DEEPER TOUCH | RUFFINI CORPUSCLES (IN DERMIS) |
| PRESSURE | LAMELLATED (PACINIAN) CORPUSCLE ONION |
| LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATION | MEISNER'S CORPUSCLE |
| HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION | LAMELLATED CORPUSCLES (PACINIAN CORPUSCLES) |
| PROPRIOCEPTORS | MUSCLES ASSOCIATED WITH BLIND BALANCE REFLEXES |
| REFACTORY PERIOD IN NURVE IMPULES | DELAY BEFORE ANOTHER IMPULSE |
| ABSOLUTE IMPULSE | NO IMPUSE(REESTABLISHING RESTING POTENTIAL) |
| RELATIVE REFRACTORY | W/HIGH INTENSITY "HIT HARDER" STUMULUS IMPULSE TRIGGER (POLARIZATION NOT COMPLETE) |
| CONDUCTION | DIFF TYPES OF NERVE IMPULSES |
| SALTATORY | NODES OF RAVIER |
| DIAMETER | LARGER DIAMETER=FASTER IMPULSE |
| WHAT'S THE BENEFIT FOR CALCIUM ION | NEEDED FOR CLOSURE OF SODIUM CHANNELS |
| CALCIUM DEFICIENCY MAY RESULT FROM | PRGNANCY OR DIARHEA |
| WHAT'S A PRESYNAPTIC CELL & POST SYNAPTIC | CIRCUITS I-IV |
| DIVERGING CIRCUIT | ONE IMPULSE--SEVERAL RESPONSES |
| CONVERGING CIRCUIT | MORE STIMULUS FROM ONE SOURCE OR FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES |
| REVERBERATING CIRCUIT | CONTINOUS IMPULSES |
| PARALLES CIRCUIT | STREAM OF IMPULSES |
| WHAT'S THE SPINAL CORD | BEGINS AT THE FORAMEN MAGNUM ENDS AT 2ND LUMBAR VERT. 31 SEGMENTS- EACH WITH SPINAL NERVES (PAIR) |
| WHAT ARE THE 2 ENLARGEMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD | CERVICLE--NERVES TO ARMS LUMBAR--NERVES TO LEGS |
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD | CONDUCT IMPULSES BY ASCENDING--DESCENDING TRACTS CENTER FOR SPINAL REFLEXES |
| WHAT DOES SPINAL TRACTS CONTAIN | ORIGINATIN + TERMINATING NEURONS-NAMED ACCORDINGLY SPINO THALMIC TRACT..... |
| WHAT IS THE WHITE PORTION OF THE SPINAL CORD ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR,LATERAL | FUNCICULUS |
| GRAY PORTION, ANTERIOR, LATERAL, POSTERIOR | HORN |
| MONOSYNAPTIC | INTERCONNECTIONG NEURON PAIR |
| POLYSYNAPTIC | 2 OR MORE INTERCONNECTING NEURONS |
| SPINAL SHOCK | DERPESSED ACTIVITY WITH LESSENING OF SENSATIONS FOR DAYS TO WEEKS |
| PARALYSIS | COMPLETE LOSS OF MUSCULAR CONTROL |
| FLACCID P. | TOTAL LOSS OF TONE ATROPHY OF MUSCLES CAUSED BY DAMAGE OF CORTICO SPINAL TRACT |
| SPATIC P. | MUSLCE TONE NOT ATROPHY UNCOORD. RELFEX DURING MOVEMENT MUSLCE SPASMS |
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