Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Final
Monday December 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is diffusion? | particles move across a selectivelypermeable membrane with a net flow from high to low concentration. o2 CO2, Water, small nonpolar molecules, steroid hormones can go across. ions, glucose cannot |
| what is osmosis? | Water molecules diffuse down water concentration gradient. total number of solute molecules or ions dictates concentration of water so when the solute concentration is high, the water concentration is low |
| How does osmotic water movement affect cell size? (Tonicity) | Hypotonic- fewer solutes in saline tahn in cell, water follows solutes into cell CELL EXPANDS Hypertonic-more solutes in saline than in cell, water follows solutes out of cell CELL SHRINKS Isotonic- same # solutes in saline and in cell, no volume change |
| Osmotic pressure | the type of solute is unimportant only the total number of solute molecules matters. |
| Gastrointestinal Physiology | The GI tract is one long tube, areas along the GI tube are speacialized for different functions |
| Mouth | mastification=mechanical breakdown. chewing is the first stage of breaking down food. |
| Stomach | mechanical and first enzymatic breakdown of proteins |
| Small intestine | 1 degree enzymatic breakdown and absorption. most enzymatic digestion is here, more absorption of nutrientes is here as well. |
| Large Intestine | water absorption/reabsoprtion |
| Liver | source of bile salts released into small intestine. fats are taken into the liver to be fully broken down or stored. makes bile salts and breaks down nutrients/toxins |
| Pancreas | source of enzymes and HCO3 released into small intestine |
| Sequence of Circulation | Venous-R.Atrium-R.Ventricle-Pulmonary circulation-L.Atrium-L.Ventricle. Purpose: heart work this lungs to deliver O2 & nutrients to tissues and remove CO2 and wastes. |
| What does separating the atria from ventricles do? | Allows smooth circulation.AV node transmits the command to contract from the atria to the ventricles but the time it takes to transmit the signal=atria contract/relax before ventricle contract |
| Hearts right ventricle do? | move deoxygnated blood to the lungs |
| Hearts left ventricle? | receieves oxygenated blood and moves it the aorta |
| What would happen if the contractions were wrong? | ... |
| Risks of Heart attack | occurs when heart muscle is deprived of O2. Lack of regular exercise, excessive alcohol, high cholesterol diet, kidney diesease, coffee, cigarrette. |
| Why and how respiration occurs | Ventilation=airflow in lunges. Gas exchange by diffusion. Blood flow through pulmonary capillaries by contractiong ventricles. Convert O2-CO2/produce energy for cell function. |
| Tidal Volume | amount of air inspired or expired while at rest |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | available if need to suck in more than normal |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume | available if need to blow out more than normal |
| Residual Volume | what you can never squeeze out from the lungs, helps keep alveoli from collapsing. |
| Vital Capacity | max amount of air that can possibly be exchanged |
| Inspiratory Capacity | max amount of air that can possibly be inhaled |
| Alveoli | where gas exchange occurs between air and blood. thee walls are thin and close to permit rapid gas diffusion. Macrophages in alveoli to engulf inhaled germs. |
| Pulmonary surfactant | produced in type 2 alveoili. prevents alveolar collapse by dispering water molcules on walls. deep breathing increases its production. made in the 8 months of pregnancy-prematures die from this. |
| Lung compliance | measure of the lungs stretcability. when its too high, the lungs might fail to hold themselves open and can collapse. when its low, the work to breath is increased. |
| How does nervous system work? | Sensory neurons register sensations, relay info to your CNS, CNS commands are carried via motor neurons to muscles to carry out response. |
| How does central processiong work? | Each neron receives inputs from many other neurons, some input signals are excitatory(try to make neuron active) while some are inhibitory(make neuron less active) |
| How does central processing work? 2 | each neruon will integrate all the signlas coming at each point in time. means the output of each neuron will deend upon the balance of all the excitatory and inhibitory info received. |
| Autonomic nervous system | part of the vertebrate the nervous system that controls internal organ function without conscious recongnition of the control of effort. Blood pressure, heart rate, breathing |
| Autonomic nervous system | responds to inputs from the sensory nervous system to mantain basic physicological functions in acceptable ranges. divided into symtpathtic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
| Modality | receptors are specific, only respong to 1 type of signal. dedicated pathways convey the info on that signal to the part of the brain dedicated to processing that type of signal |
| Intensity | increase intensity=increase response of senroy neuron=increase frequency of AP's=increase transmission of CNS |
| Spatial | mapping senroy space starts with the location of sensory neuron. receptive field size coneys how precisely a stimulus can be localized. |
| How does the nervous system know that a particular type of info is comeing from a particular area? | dedicated pathways=cortical mapping. Somosensory cortex is organized anatomically according to the location of the source of info.parts of bosy where u have infine spatial discrimination increase # of receptor neurons increase somatosensory cortex |
| Alveoli | where gas exchange occurs between air and blood. thee walls are thin and close to permit rapid gas diffusion. Macrophages in alveoli to engulf inhaled germs. |
| Pulmonary surfactant | produced in type 2 alveoili. prevents alveolar collapse by dispering water molcules on walls. deep breathing increases its production. made in the 8 months of pregnancy-prematures die from this. |
| Lung compliance | measure of the lungs stretcability. when its too high, the lungs might fail to hold themselves open and can collapse. when its low, the work to breath is increased. |
| How does nervous system work? | Sensory neurons register sensations, relay info to your CNS, CNS commands are carried via motor neurons to muscles to carry out response. |
| How does central processiong work? | Each neron receives inputs from many other neurons, some input signals are excitatory(try to make neuron active) while some are inhibitory(make neuron less active) |
| How does central processing work? 2 | each neruon will integrate all the signlas coming at each point in time. means the output of each neuron will deend upon the balance of all the excitatory and inhibitory info received. |
| Autonomic nervous system | part of the vertebrate the nervous system that controls internal organ function without conscious recongnition of the control of effort. Blood pressure, heart rate, breathing |
| Autonomic nervous system | responds to inputs from the sensory nervous system to mantain basic physicological functions in acceptable ranges. divided into symtpathtic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
| Modality | receptors are specific, only respong to 1 type of signal. dedicated pathways convey the info on that signal to the part of the brain dedicated to processing that type of signal |
| Intensity | increase intensity=increase response of senroy neuron=increase frequency of AP's=increase transmission of CNS |
| Spatial | mapping senroy space starts with the location of sensory neuron. receptive field size coneys how precisely a stimulus can be localized. |
| How does the nervous system know that a particular type of info is comeing from a particular area? | dedicated pathways=cortical mapping. Somosensory cortex is organized anatomically according to the location of the source of info.parts of bosy where u have infine spatial discrimination increase # of receptor neurons increase somatosensory cortex |
| How does brain distinguish different types of information? | specific receptirs=dedicated pathways=mapping to specific brain areas, but all neurons carry info as AP's |
| How is info encoded in the nervous system? | frequency and pattern of action potentials |
| Antibiotic resistance | antibiotics kill suceptible bacteria only that are resistant to the drug survive and reproduce. antibiotic resistance has genetic basis-its inherited and bceoms common with each generation of bacteria. becomes the norm for bacteria. |
| Endocrine System | all glands that produce hormones. hormones are released from endocrine glands, they are carried by blooe throughout the body which means many organ systems are affectited creating coordinated respongses of many organ systems |
| CNS & hormones | the cns and hormones control integration of function of different organs. interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems emphasize their corrdinated communications function |
| Mitosis | produce 2 daughter cells identical to each other and the progenitor cell with the full # of chromosomes (2n) |
| Meiosis | produce daughter celles, each different from the others and half the chromosomes of the progenitor and with unique combinations of the progenitor cell's DNA. make 4 sperm or 1 ovum +3 bodies |
| Crossing over and Recombination | maternall derived=think fast, run slow. paternall=think slow, run fast. 4 chromatids total because each chromosome of the homologous pair has duplicated. |
| Recombination | if 1 maternal chromatid exchanges DNA with 1 paternal chromatid, the 2 of the chromatids will be both different from each other and different from each of their parent chromatids=4 diff chromatids, 2 that are unique |
| Randomization | increases uniqueness of each egg or sperm, of which chromosomes are put into any 1 gamete. 2 sets of pairs of chromosomes duplicate and split and are randomly places in diff combinations |
| Normal cell fixing problems | mutations remove normal growth controls. 1st cell tries to repair the damaged DNA. 2nd the cell tries to commit suicide, if this fails then an abnormal cell lives and the immune system tries to kill the abnormal cell. |
| How do tumor suppressors work? | suppressors slow movement through the cell cycle=slow rate of cell division= slow rate of growth. induce cel suicide if serious problems with the DNA cant be corrected |
| Hod do caner cells escape from suppressors? | damage to more than 1 suppressor or too much activity of regulatory proteins that increase movement through cell cycle |
| Mutations in either gene=predisposition to breast cancer | becasue you lost the activity of 1 supressor, so if there is later damage to other suppressors then it will be harder for a cell to cope. |
| Benign tumor | do not spread and ofter are encapsulated |
| Malignant tumors | can invade other tissues through metastasis ( invade circulatory system, go through body) move into blood vessels to other tissues |
| Declarative memory | available to consciousness, daily episodes, words and their meanings, history |
| Nondeclarative | no available to consciousness, motor skills, associations, priming cues, puzzle solving skills |
| Short term memory | immediate memory, <1sec-seconds. working memory, seconds-minutes. |
| Long term memory | days-years |
| Consolidation | association is an aid to memory consolidation-establishing relations, putting it in context, making connections. |
| Slow-oxidative fibers | "Slow fatigue-resistant" respong without becoming fatigued-muscles of body posture. because they have lots of myoglobin and lots to mitochondria to make ATP |
| FFast-oxidative fibers | "Fast fatigue-resistant" respong quickly and to repetitive stimulation without becoming fatigued-muscles used in walking |
| Fast-glycolyticfibers | "Fast fatiguable" are used for quick bursts of strong activity-muscles used to jump or sprint becasue they can run on O2 and also function without )2 |
| Anterograde amnesia | inability to establish new memories. |
| retrograde | cant retrieve old memories |
| Adaptive white blood cells | specific target- b cells and t cells. b cells make and realease antibodies and t cells put protein in a cell membrane |
| Innate white blood cells | non specific, anything not self. basophil and neutrophil. |
| Phagocytes | macrophage, tries to eat and digest other cells, non specific |
| Innate immune response | bacteria invade a tissue and kill cells or relase metabolic products that damage tissue, neutrophils and macrophages engulf invaders and cellular debris |
| Adaptive immune response | via stimulating b cells and t cells, they show three features: specificity, diversity and m emory |
| which cells make and realease antibody? | B cells |
| what do the antibodies do? | attach but dont directly kill, keep from spreading, make a targer for killer cells |
| Which cells make antibody proteins, but insert these proteins into their cell membrane? | T Cells- helper t promotes cell division and release factors, cytotoxic t are cell kills for a specific |
| What makes an antibody unique? | after an antigen, an inactive b cell make a unique receptor site (binding site for that antigen) T cells make an antibody w/unique receptor site but they insert antibody into cell membrane that can bind the antigen. |
| Cell mediated responses | dendric cell engulds infected body cell, dendritic cell presents viral antigens to t cells(activates them), the activated t cells-helpers release cytokines, cytotoxic t cells destroy abnormal cell, memory t cell remains |
Created by:
jdidom1892
Popular Biology sets