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Ecology
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A type of logic whereby one progresses from general knowledge to a specific application of that knowledge. (ex. Plants need water, so this plant must need water). | Deductive Logic |
| Includes both a manipulated treatment (eg Fertilizer addition) and a second un-manipulated treatment (control) which allows a direct assessment of the effect of the manipulated treatment on the response. | Controlled experiment |
| is a small scale variation in climate (temperature, light, humidity, and wind) produced by variation in local habitat conditions (ex. Produced by aspect, overstory vegetation, soil, etc.) | Microclimate |
| is the solar-powered continuous circulation of water (as ice, liquid, and/or vapor) over the Biosphere. Its main processes include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration, runoff, and throughflow. | Hydrologic cycle (or water cycle) |
| is the combined process of plants releasing water to the atmosphere from both outer surfaces (evaporation) and internal sources (transpiration). | Evapotranspiration |
| is the underlying geological material (bedrock) in which soil forms. Soil particles are merely geologically weathered parent material. | Parent material |
| is an element that cannot be synthesized by an organism and is required in a relatively large quantity (ex. C,H,O,P,K, etc.) to complete the life cycle. | Essential macronutrient |
| is a factor that varies in space and time in the environment, but can be consumed by organisms to the point that its abundance can be lowered. | Environmental Resource |
| a measure of the instantaneous increase in the number of individuals in a population (N) over time (t). The higher the value of this, the faster the population growth rate. | DN/dt |
| the capacity of an organism to produce viable offspring, or is a measure of an organism’s contribution to future generations. | Fitness |
| This is a principle applying to plants stating that as populations (and individual biomass) increase, population density decreases. | Self-thinning Rule |
| the intrinsic rate of natural increase of a population. Optional: is determined by the difference between population birth rate and death rate (can also be considered the per capita population growth rate). | r |
| a physiological adjustment by an organism to a prolonged exposure to high or low environmental temperature. Optional: allows organisms to withstand higher ranges of temperatures in seasonal environments. | Acclimation |
| is the age-specific birth rate of a population at age x. Also known as mx | b sub x |
| a plot of the number of observations (or counts) for a given variable or category. | Frequency distribution |
| this is a principle state that for widely distributed species (usually endotherms), populations at lower latitudes will have smaller body sizes than populations at higher latitudes. | Bergmann’s rule- |
| The maximum rate at which an individual predator can consume prey. It is a function of search, capture, handling, ingestion and digestion rates of an individual predator. | Predator satiation(aka “Predator Swamping”). |
| Is a defensive adaptation of a prey population that at high prey densities reduces the likelihood that any one prey item is consumed by predator population. | Predator satiation(aka “Predator Swamping”). |
| states that no 2 species can coexist if they have identical niches, or is the principle stating that complete competitors cannot coexist. | Competitive Exclusion Principle |
| A group of taxonomically unrelated species in a community that function in a similar manner (ex. Insect, bird, and mammalian herbivores). | Guild |
| the symbol for the Shannon-Wiener (or Weaver) diversity index, which estimates diversity in a community as a function of richness (numbers of species) and evenness (distribution of individuals among species) as a single number. | H' |
| a type of predation (characteristic of some insects) in which the predator kills only 1 prey item in its lifetime. | Parasitoid |
| describes the populational response by predators in which the predator either increases (positive response) or decreases (inverse response) as prey density increases. | Numerical response |
| the predation coefficient (or “predation rate”) describing the efficiency at which predators can search, capture, handle, and ingest prey. | alpha |
| Refers to a tool whereby rare elements, such as C13 or N15, can be used in concert with more common elements to study natural ecological processes, such as identifying food resources of a species. | stable isotope. |
| Term for the statistical test used to determine if predicted vs. observed frequency distributions differ from each other. | Chi Square |
| A term used to describe an organism whose body temperature is dependent on the ambient environment. | Ectothermic. |
| The biome characterized by an extremely short growing season and presence of lichens, grasses and sedges, but few/no trees. | Tundra |
| Complete the statement: Energy Input >>> Bilogical system >>> ______. | Energy output or waste energy |
| Term describing the sum total of all ecosystems on Earth. | biosphere |
| Term for a large scale coupled oceanic/atmospheric system occurring every few years that has a major effect on climate worldwide. | El Nino Southern Oscillation |
| General name for a variable plotted on the y-axis whose value is directly influenced by a variable plotted on the x-axis. | dependent or response variable |
| Of the three population estimation methods used in the snail lab, which method required only one visit to the field? | Enumeration |
| Term to describe the tendency for all energy and matter in the universe to become disorganized or disordered over time. | Entropy |
| One of two paired equations in the Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition model, in this case describing the change in pop size of Competitor spp 1 (N1) as a function of its density and rate of increase (r1) and factors ass with comp Spp 2 (N2). | Dn/dt=rN(K-N-alpha*Nsub2)/K All have subscript of one except N sub 2 |
| Give one reason why, for many populations, intraspecific competition is stronger or more intense than interspecific competition. | Individuals in the same species are usually more similar in their resource requirements (niches) than are individuals in different species. |
| Term for a statistical test used to determine if there is a relationship between two variables. | Correlation or Regression |
| Briefly describe one disadvantage of being a "competitive dominant." | Usually expends energy to compete, even if it is the "winner." |
| Besides immigration, what other factor might produce a positive numerical response? | Reproduction. |
| Studies of "community structure" involve describing pattens within natureal communities, whereas studies of "community organization" involve ____________. | Understanding processes or mechanisms. |
| How was Huffaker (1958 able to achieve stable oscillations in his famous experiment with predator and prey mites? | He used barriers to reduce predator dispersal, wooden pegs to increase prey escape, or increased spacing between prey food sources. |
| Another name for intraspecific predation. | Cannabalism |
| Why are sympatric species likely to show only slightly (vs. broadly) overlapping niches? | Sympatric species co-occur, so for coexistence their niches cannot broadly overlap. CEP |
| In Connell's (1961) classic barnacle competition experiment, what was the resource? | Space |
| Name of a statistical technique used to test if an association fits the Clementsian vs. the Gleasonian predictions of community organization. | Gradient Analysis |
| Besides features of the prey population, predator density, the predation coefficient, and predator mortality rate, what other factor determines the response of a predator population to its prey? | f or the capacity for predators to convert prey into predator offspring. |
| What are the 2 components of a diversity index? | Richness and Evenness |
| Term used to describe a group of interacting species in a defined area. | Community |
| Provide one possible reason why species diversity varies with depth in marine environments. | Light, nutrients, temperature, predation, disturbance (wave action), all vary with depth, which separately or in combination may affect diversity. |
| Biome characterized by Coniferous vegetation Short growing season, Low humidity–high desiccation | Boreal Forest |
| Deciduous vegetation • Uniform annual precipitation • Moderately long growing season • Moderate to high diversity | Temperate Forests |
| • Deciduous vegetation • High diversity (angiosperms) • Moderately long growing season • High above-ground biomass | Tropical Wet Forests |
| • Warm year-round • More seasonal (dry season) • Mostly deciduous species • Tolerant of low precipitation | Tropical Dry Forests |
| • Warm-dry summer, cool/cold winter • Same latitude as Temperate forests • Lie in rain shadows, far from coasts • Few trees; scrubby vegetation, grasses | Prairie (Temperate grasslands) |
| • Mostly grasses and scrubby vegetation • Trees often small and widely spaced • Fires are an important disturbance | Tropical Grassland (Savanna) |
| • Hot-dry summer, mild wet winter • Woody shrubs and bushes • Lie in rain shadows to the east of mountains | Chaparral (Mediterranean Woodland) |
| • Dry year-round (< 25 cm rain/year) • Low soil organic matter (sand) • Sparse vegetation | Desert |
| • All latitudes • Aquatic, variable depths • High salinity (>32 ppt) • Sparse vegetation | Marine |
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mikeypoe
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