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sensory motor and in
chapter 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment |
| perception | the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations, is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex |
| Difference between sensation and perception | interpretation |
| Sensory modality | each unique type of sensation -can be grouped into general and special senses |
| General senses | -somatic and visceral senses -somatic: touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle -thermal sensation -pain sensations -proprioceptive sensations |
| special senses | -smell -touch -vision -hearing -balance |
| How does the cerebral cortex distinguish between the different sensory modalities? | a given sensory neuron only carries info for one sensory modality to the somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex. |
| What are the four steps of a sensation: | 1. Stimulation of sensory receptor 2. Transduction of stimulus 3. Generation of nerve impulses. 4. Integration of sensory input |
| Adaptation | -the perception of sensation may fade or disappear even though the stimulus persists ex: your body adapts to hot water in the shower |
| How are somatic sensory receptors distributed on the body? | sensory receptors for somatic sensations are distributed unevenly—some parts of the body surface are densely populated with receptors, and others contain only a few. |
| What is the function of pain? | It serves a protective function by signaling the presence of harmful, tissue-damaging conditions |
| How do pain sensations arise? | -nociceptors are activated by intense thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli |
| Do pain receptors adapt? | - exhibit very little adatption |
| fast pain | -occurs rapidly -acute, sharp or pricking -ex. needle or puncture knife |
| slow pain | -begins a second or more after stimulus is applied -gradually increases -burning,aching, or throbbing ex. toothache |
| somatic pain | -Superficial=stimulation of receptors in the skin -Deep=stimulation of receptors in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia |
| visceral pain | stimulation of nociceptors in visceral organs |
| referred pain | in many instances of visceral pain, the pain is felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ. |
| pain threshold | is the level at which a person first begins to experience Pain from a stimulus, either artificial or biological. |
| pain tolerance | the overall level of Pain a person can tolerate before breaking down either physically or mentally. |
| Proprioceptive sensations | allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them, so that we can walk, type, or dress without using our eyes |
| proprioceptors | -site of proprioceptive sensations -adapt slightly -inform us of the degree to which muscles are contracted, amount of tension in tendons, and position of joints. |
| Muscle spindles | -proprioceptors in skeletal muscles -monitor changes in length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes -slowly adaptive. -more in places of fine movements, less in places of coarse movements |
| cerebral palsy | -motor disorder that results in the loss of muscle control/coordination -caused my damage to the motor area |
| Parkinson disease | -disorder of the basal ganglia -uncontrollable shaking -muscle stiffness -dopamine-releasing neurons that extend from the substantia nigra to the putamen and caudate nucleus degenerate. |
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