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Exam 5 Review
Based on BIO150 Chapter 16,17 & 18 Power Point
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Foud a substance in heat-killed bacteria that "transforms" living bacteria | F. Griffith |
| Chemically identified Griffiths transforming principle as DNA | O. Avery, C. MacLeod and M. McCarty |
| Reported relationshipds amoung DNA Bases that provide a clue to the structure of DNA | E. Chargaff |
| Demonstrated that DNA, not protein, is involved in viral reproduction | A. Hershey and M. Chase |
| Produced an X-ray diffraction image of DNA | R. Franklin |
| Proposed a model of the structure of DNA | J. Watson and F. Crick |
| Demonstrated that DNA replication is semiconservative | M. Meselson and F. Stahl |
| Awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for discoveries about the molecular structure of nucleic acids | J. Watson, F. Crick and M. Wilkins |
| Awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses | A. Hershey |
| What was the Griffith Experiment? | Rats with R cells lived, Rats injected with S cells died, Heat-killed S cells lived, R cells with heat killed S cells died. Griffith concluded that the R cells were changed somehow |
| What was the Hershey Chase Experiment? | Proved DNA was the "heredity" molecule because the offspring of the phosphate group were radioactive |
| What are the nitrogenous bases? | A=T and C=G |
| DNA is made up of sub-units called.. | Nucleotides |
| What are the purines? | A and G (double Rings) |
| What are the Pyrimidies? | T and C (single ring) |
| DNA replicates it self during what phase? | S |
| What is DNA Helicase? | Opens the double helix by disrupting the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands |
| DNA polymerases | Link nucleotide subunits together |
| DNA primase | Synthesizes short RNA primers on the lagging strand. Begins replication of the leading strand |
| DNA ligase | Link Okazaki fragments by joining the 3' end of the new DNA fragment to the 5' end of the adjoining DNA |
| Telomersae | Lengthens telomeric DNA |
| Mistakes in the DNA replication process are | Mutations |
| What is the Telomere? | The final portion of DNA that is NON coding on both ends |
| What is Chargaff Rule? | that A=T and G=C |
| Who developed the hypothesis "One gene, one enzyme" (later termed one gene, one polypeptide)? | Beadle & Tatum |
| What are protein precursors | Polypeptides |
| What are the three major types of RNA that are transcribed (from DNA) | Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| What Stage of RNA Transcription: The enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region of the DNA template strand. RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA helix | Initiation |
| What Stage of RNA Transcription: Nucleotides are added forming the RNA molecule. As RNA polymerase moves along, the DNA winds back up into the double helix | Elongation |
| What Stage of RNA Transcription: RNA polymerase recognizes the termination site on the DNA template. RNA polymerase leaves (unchanged) to go on and make more RNA | Termination |
| What happens during translation? | Proteins (more correctly, polypeptides) are created by the RNA The RNA sequences code for the amino acids that make up proteins… The code is translated from the A,U,G and C sequences into amino acids |
| What is a Codon? | A sequence of three consecutive bases of mRNA that code for an amino acid |
| What is an Anti-Codon? | The complement of the codon that is found on the tRNA molecule |
| What is the site of protein synthesis? | The ribosomes |
| What type of organisms have codons? | Prokaryotes |
| What type of organisms have introns and exons? | Eukaryotes |
| What is a Base Substitution Mutation? | Often result from errors in base pairing during replication Missense mutations Nonsense mutations silent mutation |
| What is Frame Shift Mutation? | One or more nucleotide parts are inserted or deleted from the molecule (VERY BAD) |
| What are prokaryotic characteristics of Gene regulation? | Grow rapidly and have short life span. Transcriptional-level control best |
| What are eukaryotic characteristics of Gene regulation? | Long life span Gene regulation complex Transcriptional-level control dominates, but other levels important as well |
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