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Peripheral nervous
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the endoneurium? | Individual axons, whether myelinated or unmyelinated, are wrapped in endoneurium |
| What does the perineurium cover? | -Groups of axons with their endoneurium are arranged in bundles called fascicles, each of which is wrapped in perineurium |
| Epineurium | covers the entire nerve |
| Olfactory Nerve I | -Sensory -Aids in smell |
| Optic II | -Sensory -Aids in vision, crosses info to opposite sides |
| Occulomotor III | -Mixed |
| Sensory Funtions of the Occulomotor Nerve | sensations from the eyeballmuscle |
| Motor Funtion of the occulomotor nerve | -eyelid + eyeball movement -foucusing lense -pupil size |
| Trochlear IV | mixed |
| Motor Funtion of the trochlear nerve | eyeball movement |
| Sensory funtion of the Trochlear Nerve | Sensation from the eye ball muscle |
| Trigeminal Nerve V | Mixed |
| Sensory funtion of the Trigeminal Nerve | Sensations from the face and mouth |
| Motor funtion of the Trigeminal Nerve | Chewing |
| Abducens Nerve VI | Mixed |
| Motor funtion of the Abducens Nerve VI | eyeball movement |
| Sensory funtion of the Abducens Nerve VI | Sensations from the eyeball muscle |
| Facial Nerve VII | Mixed |
| Sensory funtion of the Facial Nerve VII | -sensations from the face -taste |
| Motor funtion of the Facial Nerve VII | -Facial expressions -Secreations of salivea and tears |
| Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII | Sensory |
| Sensory funtion of the vestibular Nerve | Equillibrium and hearing |
| Glassopharyngeal IX | Mixed |
| Sensory funtion of the Glassopharyngeal IX | -sensations from the tounge -swallowing muscles -taste |
| Motor funtion of the Glassopharyngeal IX | -Secretion of saliva -swallowing |
| Vagus X | mixed |
| Motor funtion of the Vagus X nerve | -swallowing -speech -contractions of the heart and viscera |
| Sensory funtion of the Vagus X nerve | -sensations from throat, skin, and vicera -taste |
| Accessory Nerve XI | mixed |
| Sensory funtion of the Accessory Nerve XI | -sensations of the throat |
| Motor funtion of the Accessory Nerve XI | -head movement -swallowing |
| Hypogloassal Nerve XII | mixed |
| Motor funtion of the Hypogloassal Nerve XII | -swallowing -speech |
| Sensory funtion of the Hypogloassal Nerve XII | snesations from the tounge |
| How are spinal nerves named and number? | spinal nerves are named and numbered according to the region and level of the vertebral column from which they emerge |
| Divisions of spinal nerves | -cervical nerves (8 pairs) -thoracic nerves ( 12 pairs) -lumbar nerves (5) -Sacral Nerves(5) -coccygeal nerves (1) |
| What is each divisions exit point from the spinal cord? | The first cervical pair (C1) emerges between the occipital bone and the atlas (first cervical vertebra). All other spinal nerves emerge from the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina between adjoining vertebrae. |
| What type of nerves are spinal nerves? | Mixed |
| What is ramus? | -branches of the spinal cord -posterior ramus, anterior ramus, meningeal branch, and rami communicantes. |
| What is a plexus? | -Axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerves, not thoracic -networks on both the left and right sides of the body by joining with various numbers of axons from anterior rami of adjacent nerves. |
| What are shingles? | eruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe neuralgia |
| reflex | a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus. |
| somatic reflexes | -involuntary but more conscious -involve contraction of skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic reflexes | -not consciously perceived -involve responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. -control heart rate, pee, poop etc |
| Reflex arcs | The pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex |
| Five parts of a reflex arc | -Sensory receptor -sensory neuron -integrating center -motor neuron -effector |
| (1)sensory receptor | distal end (dendrite) of a sensory neuron or an associated sensory structure serves as a sensory receptor. It responds to a specific stimulus—a change in the internal or external environment—by triggering one or more nerve impulses in the sensory neuron. |
| (2) Sensory Neuron | The nerve impulses propagate from the sensory receptor along the sensory neuron to the axon terminals in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brain stem. |
| (3)Integrating center | -one or more regions of gray matter in CNS -mono/poly synaptic reflex arc |
| Monosynaptic reflex arc | A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the integrating center |
| Polysynaptic reflex arc | involves more than two types of neurons and more than one integrating center synapse. |
| (4) Motor Neuron | Impulses triggered by the integrating center propagate out of the CNS along a motor neuron to the part of the body that will respond. |
| (5) Effector | -part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse -creates reflex |
| stretch reflex | -causes contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle -monosynaptic reflex arc ex: tapping the knee |
| Flexor reflex/withdrawal | - polysynaptic reflex arc results from a painful stimulus, such as stepping on a tack - in response you withdraw your leg |
| patellar reflex | -a stretch reflex -legs extends at the knee in response to tapping the patellar ligament. -used to look for reflexes that are no working correctly |
| Control of Motor Output | SNS= more control of output CNS= less control of output |
| Motor Neuron Pathways | SNS= one neuron pathway ANS= two neuron pathway |
| Effectors of the SNS and ANS | SNS= skelatal muscles ANS= Cardiac. smooth muscles, glands |
| ANS divides into what? | -Sympathetic -Parasympathetic |
| Parasympathetic | -rest and digest |
| Sympathetic | -fight or flight |
| Dual innervation: | -receiving impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. -aids in in regulations organ functions |
| Gastrointestinal tract glands | P: Stimulates secretions and digestions S: muscular movements of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive secretions slow down or even stop. |
| Heart | P:Heart rate forced decrease S:Heart rate forced increase |
| Pupil Size | P:Pupil constriction S:Pupil dilation |
| Lungs | P:Airway constriction S:Airway dilation |
| Stomach and intestines | P:Increased motility; relaxation of sphincters. S:Decreased motility; contraction of sphincters. |
| Sex organs | P:Erection of clitoris (females) and penis (males). S:Ejaculation of semen (males). |
| Urinary Bladder | P:Contraction of muscular wall; relaxation of sphincter. S:Relaxation of muscular wall; contraction of sphincter. |
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