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Micro Adaptive immun
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is immunity? | the ability of an organism to recognize & defend itself against infectious agents. |
| Adaptive (specific) immunity | – also called acquired immunity. A specific host defense that is induced or adapts to a microbial invader or foreign substance by producing specific antibodies towards them and activates lymphocytes. |
| Immunology | the study of adaptive immunity & how the immune system responds to specific infectious agents & toxins. |
| Antigen (ag) or immunogen | a substance the body identifies as foreign & towards which mounts an immune response by producing specific antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes. |
| Epitope (antigenic determinant) | areas on the foreign molecule (ag) to which antibodies can bind. |
| Antibody (ab)* | is a protein produced in response to an ag that is capable of binding specifically to the ag. Each kind of ab binds to a specific antigenic determinant. |
| Complement | necessary for induction of lysis of foreign cells by formation of ag-ab complexes. |
| Hapten | most ags have > 10,000 MW. Low MW foreign substances are often not antigenic unless it is attached to a carrier molecule. These low MW compounds are called haptens. |
| Four types of t cells | 1. Cytotoxic (killer) cell 2. Delayed-hypersensitivity T cell 3. Helper T cell 4. Regulatory T cell Natural Killer cells (NK) |
| Natural Killer cells (NK) – | non T or B lymphocytes. They nonspecifically kill cancer cells & virus-infected cells without having to use specific immune responses. |
| Humoral Immunity: | B cells + antibodies, brought about by antibodies Most effective in fighting foreign substances outside of host cells (bacteria, toxins, viruses) |
| Cell-mediated Immunity: | T cells T cell receptors (TCR) Cytokines Most effective at host cell level (foreign ags in host cell membrane or within host cell). Also effective against fungi, parasites, cancer, & foreign tissue transplants. |
| Common attributes of humoral and cell mediated immunity | Recognition of self versus non-self. Clonal selection hypothesis* (Frank Macfarlane Burnet – 1950s) Clonal deletion** Tolerance Specificity Exceptions to specificity – cross reactions |
| Common attributes of humoral and cell mediated immunity | Heterogeneity (Diversity) – refers to the ability of the immune system to produce many different kinds of abs & T cell receptors, each specific for a different epitope. Memory Recall – anamnestic (secondary) response*12 |
| What are the 5 classes of antibodies? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE |
| what are IgG antibodies? | the are important in activating the compliment system and immunological memory most abundant 80% of total antibodies only ones that can cross the placenta provides protection |
| What are IgA antibodies? | provide protection at the site of entry into the body |
| What are IgM antibodies? | largest in size first responders arrives at the site of infection/antigen first |
| What are IgD antibodies? | they are important in the initiation of an immune response |
| What are IgE antibodies? | most responsible for an allergic reaction under normal conditions are present in the lowest quantity |
| Clonal selection hypothesis | -only on b cell can bin to an antigen -it is cloned -stored in memory for later use |
| Clonal deletion | -the way we rid ourselves of pre b and pre t cells -takes place in the bone marrow and thymus -introuduced to self antigens -deletes b and t cells that recognize self antigens -tolerance for self antigens is achieved |
| What are the parts that make up an antibody? | 2-heavy chains 2-light chains variable region constant region antigen bonding site ability top cross placenta |
| T dependent | -requires a t helper cell for antibody production -MHC2 helps it to be recognized by the antigen - |
| T independent cells | -antigens that stimulate b cells directly with out the help of t cells |
| First an secondary responses to antigen | -first response the antigen is recognized by b cells and it takes 7-10 days to produce antibodies -the second response memory b cells recognize the antigen and antibodies are produce much quicker and in higher quantities |
| Five ways that antibodies produced by humoral immune responses eliminate or neutralize foreign agents | -Agglutination -opsonization -neutralization -antibody dependent cell mediated cytoxicity -activation of compliment |
| agglutination | reduces #of infectious units to be dealt with |
| Opsonization | coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis |
| Neutalization | blocks adhesion of bacteria to mucosa and attachment of toxin |
| antibody dependent cell mediated cytoxicity | antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction to eosinophils and nk cells |
| Activation of compliment | causes inflammation and cell lysis |
| Production of monoclonal antibodies | -antigen is produced in the spleen of a mouse - spleen lymphoscytes and mouse myeloma cells mix to make hybidoma -grown in culture that selects for hybridoma to make antibody to antigen x -antibodies are only found in one culture |
| cell mediated immunity | -t cells interact with other cells that present foreign antigen -this leads to t cell aactivation -The production of cytokines lead to elimination of viruses & pathogens, rejection of tumor cells and transplanted tissue, or allergic reactions. |
| Types of T Lymphocytes: | -classified according to the “cluster of differentiation” (CD) glycoprotein they contain. -CDs are adhesion molecules that bind to major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC class I or MHC class II antigens) on antigen-presenting cells. |
| Two types of lymphocytes | Helper T cell (TH) – important for cell-mediated and humoral immunity. CD4 binds MHC class II. Cytotoxic T cell (TC) → CTL. CD8 binds MHC class I molecules. |
| cell mediated immune response | -Involves the response of TH cells. -T cells cannot be directly activated by ag. -Cell-mediated responses require presentation of the ag on the surface of cells along with MHC protein ags. -All nucleated cells have MHC-I proteins on their surface. |
| cell mediated immune response 2 | All antigen-presenting cells have MHC-II proteins on their surface. Cell-mediated immune reactions begin with ag processing by macrophages, B cells, or dendritic cells. |
| AAPC cells have: | MHC 1 and 2 protiens on their surface |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells | -Component of innate immune system. -not immunologically specific and dont need antigenic stimulation to act. |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells | -destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells which bear little to none MHC class I antigen. -No MHC class I antigen on cell causes it to be attacked by the NK. |
| Naturally acquired Adaptive Immunity | -active: antigens enter the body naturally: body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes passive: antibodies pass from mothers to fetus via placenta or to infant via mothers milk |
| Artificially Acquired Adaptive Immunity | Active: Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes passive: preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by by injection |
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