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Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Erosion | process by which wind, water, ice, gravity transport soil and sediment from one location to another |
| Grand Canyon | The Colorado River eroded the rock over millions of years for the _____________ |
| water cycle | The __________ is the continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atomsphere to the land and back again |
| Precipitation | Rain, snow, or hail that falls from clouds onto the land and oceans |
| Percolation | the downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in soil due to gravity |
| Runoff | precipitation that flows over land into streams and rivers. This water later enters the ocean |
| Condensation | takes place when water vapor cools and changes into water droplets that form clouds in the atomosphere. Water loses denergy during this process |
| tributary | A stream that flows into a lake or a larger stream |
| watershed | The area of land that is drained by a water system |
| divide | The boundary between drainage areas that have streams that flow in opposite directions |
| Mississippi River | The largest watershed in the U.S. is the ____________ watershed and covers more than one-third of the U.S. |
| channel | The path that a stream follows |
| gradient | The measure of the change in elevation over a certain distance |
| discharge | The amount of water that a stream or river carrries in a given amount of time is called |
| A high gradient gives a stream or river more erosive energy. | True |
| The discharge of a stream decreases when a major storm occurs or when warm weather rapidly melts snow | False |
| An increase in s streams's gradient and discharge can cause the stream to flow faster. | True |
| load | the materials carried by a stream |
| large particles | Fast moving streams can carry _____________which affects the rate of erosion |
| bed laod | the rocks carried and bounced along a stream bed. |
| suspended load | small rocks and soil suspended in a stream making it look muddy. |
| dissolved load | material carried in solution, meaning it is dissolved, such as sodium and calcium. |
| youthful river | a ________ ______ erodes its channel deeper rather thatn wider |
| mature river | a ______ ______ erodes its channel wider rather than deeper. |
| old river | an ____ _______ has a low gradient and little erosive energy, characterized by wide flat flood plains. 27) rejuvenated rivers are found where there land is raised by tectonic activity. |
| rejuvenated rivers | are found where there land is raised by tectonic activity. |
| Deposition | is the process in which material is laid down or dropped. |
| sediment | Rock and soil deposited by streams are called |
| inside | Deposition occurs along the _______ bank of the bend where the water flows slower. |
| outside | Erosion occurs along the _______ bank of the bend, where the water flows faster. |
| placer-deposits | heavy minerals that are sometimes deposited at places in a river where the current slows down. ______________ Some of these deposits contained gold. |
| delta | ______ a fan-shaped mass of material deposited at the mouth of a stream, which is mostly mud. Thes mud deposits eventually form new land and cause the coastline to grow. |
| alluvial fan | ______ ___ a fan-shaped mass of material deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreases sharply. |
| flood plain | _____ ______ an area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks. |
| Floodplains are rich farming areas because periodic flooding bring new soil to the land. | true |
| dam | A _____ is a barrier that can redirect the flow of water. |
| levee | a _______ is the buildup of sediment deposited along the channel of a river which can help control the overflow from a river. |
| flooding | ________ brings rich soil to farmland but can also lead to property damage and death. |
| water table | _____ ______ the upper surface of underground water; the upper boundary of the one of saturation. |
| acquifier | Body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater. |
| porosity | The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces |
| permeability | The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluid pass through its open spaces. |
| recharge zone | An area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifier. |
| artesian spring | A spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock over the acquifier. |
| well | Human-made hole that is deeper than the level of the water table. |
| Springs | ______ are a natural way that water reaches the surface. |
| Wells | ______ are made by humans |
| The water table | Boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation. |
| Porosity and Permeability | Defines an acuifier's ability to hold water and allow it flow through |
| Deposition | Process that causes the formation of stalactites and stalagmites |
| Caves and Sinkholes | form from the erosion of limestone by groundwater. |
| point-source pollution | Pollution that comes from a specific site. |
| nonpoint-source pollution | nonpoint-source pollution pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site. |
| sewage treatment plant | a facility that cleans the waste materials found in water that comes from sewers or drains. |
| septic tank | A tank that seperates swolid waste from liquids that has bacteria that break down the solid waste. |
| septic tank | type of wastewater treatment used in a home |
| wastewater | can be treated by sewage treatment plants and septic systems |
| nitrate pollution | pollution caused by runoff of fertilizer |
| sewage, fertilizer runoff, animal waste | factors that affect dissolved oxygen in water |
| pollutants | can decrease oxygen levels and increase nitrate levels in water causing harm to plants, animals, and humans. |
| dissolved oxygen | Can protect fish from acid rain |
| point-source pollution and nonpoint-source pollution | 2 kinds of water pollution |
| water | resource that can be conserved by using only what is needed, by recycling, and by using drip irrigation systems |
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