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Oceanography Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The tide-generating force is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. | True |
| The plane through the ellipse that marks the revolution of Earth around the Sun is called the ecliptic. | True |
| A lunar day is shorter than a solar day. | False |
| The Sun and the Moon have relatively equal tide-generating forces on Earth. | False |
| The barycenter follows a smooth orbit around the Sun. | True |
| All else being equal, tides have a greater range when the Moon is at apogee than when the Moon is at perigee. | False |
| A spring tide occurs once per month. | False |
| A semidiurnal tide is common along the Pacific coast of the United States. | False |
| The maximum tidal range in the Bay of Fundy is about 17 meters. | True |
| The seaward flow of water due to tidal forces through an inlet is called an ebb current. | True |
| The force that pulls an orbiting body toward the center of that orbit is called: | Centripetal |
| The center of mass of the Earth-Moon system is called the: | barycenter |
| The tide-generating force varies: | directly with the product of the object masses |
| The angular distance of the orbital plane of the Sun or Moon above or below Earth's equatorial plane is called the: | declination |
| A spring tide has very high high tides and very low low tides | True |
| A neap tide has a very large tidal range | False |
| Neap tides occur when the moon is at | quadrature |
| When Earth is at its greatest distance from the Sun, it is said to be at | aphelion |
| he side of Earth that faces the Moon experiences a high tide, the side of Earth that is opposite from the Moon will have a(n): | high tide |
| The vertical difference between high and low tides is called the | Tidal Range |
| The center of an open ocean tidal system is called a(n): | amphidromic center |
| An area that experiences semidiurnal tides will have two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal height daily. | True |
| An area that experiences diurnal tides will have one low tide and two high tides daily. | False; one high tide and one low tide daily |
| The most common tidal pattern around the world are: | Mixed tides |
| In the United States one can find semidiurnal tides along the: | Atlantic coast |
| In the United States one can find mixed tides along the: | Pacific Coast |
| The Bay of Fundy is well known for which tidal characteristic? | Very large tidal range |
| Water flowing out of an enclosed basin due to the tides is called: | Ebb Current |
| The maximum tidal currents are reported: | about half way between high and low tides. |
| Tidal current can produce rotary currents called | Whirlpools |
| Both ebb tides and flood tides are tidal currents | True |
| a layer of water in which the salinity changes rapidly with changes in depth | halocline |
| a layer of water in which the temperature changes rapidly with changes in depth | thermocline |
| coastal wetland that occurs at latitudes devoid of killing frosts | mangrove swamp |
| coastal wetland occurring at temperate latitudes that experience seasonal frosts | salt marsh |
| equal salinity | isohaline |
| equal temperature | isothermal |
| a ong, narrow, deep U-shaped inlet that usually represents the seaward end of a submerged glacial valley | fjord |
| a shallow lagoon separated from the open ocean by a bar deposit such as a barrier island | bar-built estuary |
| a very deep river mouth with a large volume of freshwater flow beneath which a wedge of salt water from the ocean invades | salt wedge estuary |
| shallow estuaries in which freshwater and salt salt water are totally mixed from the top to the bottom of the water column | vertically mixed estuary |
| The Coriolis effect is evident in the surface circulation of Chesapeake Bay. | true |
| Laguna Madre is a classic coastal plain estuary. | False |
| Salt marshes serve as nurseries for over half of the commercially important fish in the southeastern United States. | true |
| Mangrove swamps are protective buffer areas in temperate latitude coastal ecosystems. | false |
| Pollutants are any substance that has a negative effect on the environment. | True |
| The greatest sources of hydrocarbons in the marine environment are urban run-off and shipping. | true |
| Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants such as crude oil. | true |
| Primary sewage treatment involves the removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent. | False |
| Nitrates and hydrocarbons are examples of persistent organic pollutants in marine ecosystems. | false |
| he decreased calcium content in the shells of piscivorous birds was a result bioaccumulation of pesticides in the food chain. | true |
| Minamata disease was caused by mercury contamination. | true |
| The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends into | open international waters |
| Prevailing dry offshore winds produce coastal waters that have | lower salinities |
| An example of a coastal plain estuary is the: | Chesapeake Bay |
| An example of a bar-built estuary is laguna madre | tru |
| Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of | bar-built estuaries |
| The type of circulation pattern found in Laguna Madre is opposite of the typical estuarine circulation pattern | true |
| An estuary formed from a flooded glacial valley called a | fjord |
| An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a | tectonic estuary |
| Estuarine circulation associated with a deep, high river volume system where no horizontal salinity gradient exists at the surface is called a | salt wedge estuary |
| Estuarine circulation associated with a shallow, low-volume estuary in which river water mixes evenly at all depths with ocean water would be called a | vertically mixed estuary |
| The Columbia River estuary received most of its ecological damage from which source? | hydroelectric dams |
| One major problem associated with Chesapeake Bay and increased human pressure is | an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling animals. |
| Coastal wetlands are characterized by: | high levels of organic nutrients in the tidal zone and anoxic sediments |
| The percentage of the original area of wetlands currently left in the United States is approximately | 50% |
| When ocean water enters a marginal sea above a return flow of saltier water, the circulation pattern is called: | mediterranean circulation |
| phytoplankton is an example of a pollutant in the marine environment. | false |
| The toxicity of marine pollutants is estimated by | calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die. |
| The two most significant sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are | normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off |
| The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are a result of: | collision and/or sinking of oil tankers |
| Natural processes which help to remove oil spills from the ocean include all of the following except: a. evaporation from the ocean surface. b. digestion of significant amount by fish populations. c. dispersal due to wave and wind action. d. sinking due | B |
| Bioremediation has been particularly effective in marine ecosystems in the clean-up of | hydrocarbons |
| Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when: | netting strangles seals and birds |
| Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the | chlorination of the liquid effluent. |
| The deep water dumping site for sewage sludge off the US East Coast initially seemed to be a good choice because: | a well-developed pycnocline should isolate the sewage |
| Which of the following organisms are expected to show the highest concentrations of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in its tissues? | zooplankton |
| Minamata disease is associated with | ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish |
| marine organism that floats for its entire life | holoplankton |
| marine organism that floats for a portion of its life | meroplankton |
| marine organism that lives on the seafloor | epifauna |
| marine organism that lives in benthic sediments | infauna |
| marine organism that swims for its entire life | nekton infauna |
| Cold, high viscosity water benefits floating organisms. | true |
| Streamlining in fish means that the minimum amount of energy is expended to swim. | true |
| Osmosis occurs when salt ions diffuse through a membrane with a lower ion concentration. | false |
| A euryhaline organism would be poorly adapted to living in coastal environments. | false |
| Stenothermal organisms are likely to be found in deep open ocean water. | true |
| Phytoplankton are small in size as a result of predation pressure | false |
| One reason that polar climates support a high biomass is that cold water can hold more dissolved oxygen. | true |
| The majority of marine species are pelagic. | false |
| The neritic province is associated with the continental shelf. | true |
| The depth of the oxygen minimum is found in the bathypelagic zone. | false |
| The depth of the nutrient maximum is found at the base of the mesopelagic zone. | true |
| The deep scattering layer is produced by masses of migrating phytoplankton. | true |
| The euphotic zone is contained entirely in the epipelagic zone. | true |
| Epifauna live deep within benthic sediments. | false |
| The hadal zone is associated with deep-ocean trenches. | true |
| what is the correct hierarchical ordering of taxonomic levels in terms of increasing specificity? | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Which of the following associations is incorrect? a. Kingdom Animalia – dolphins b. Kingdom Fungi – mushrooms c. Kingdom Monera – bacteria in hydrothermal vents d.Kingdom Plantae – macroalgae e.Kingdom Protista – phytoplankton | D |
| An example of an organism that might be part of the epifauna is a(n) | sea star |
| Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form, and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called: | Meroplankton |
| Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by availability of food, differences in water pressure with depth, changes in salinity, and temp variations with latitude and depth. | true |
| When compared to their warmer water counterparts, cold water plankton often: | are larger in size |
| Plankton which are 2.0 to 0.2 μm in size are called: | picoplankton |
| Euryhaline organisms can survive wide salinity fluctuations | true |
| Organisms that cannot withstand large changes in temperature are referred to as | stenothermal |
| When an organism has the same salt and water concentration as its environment, it is said to be: | hyptonic |
| Osmotic pressure increases as the: | difference in salinity increases |
| The majority of marine invertebrates are: | isotonic with respect to their environment |
| Compared to freshwater fishes, marine fishes: | tend to lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is lower than that of seawater. |
| An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as | euryhaline |
| The movement of a substance in solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane is: | diffusion |
| The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies camouflaging them against the water-air interface is: | countershading |
| A common body shape that streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that: | tapers at the posterior end |
| The seasonal temperature range in the deep ocean is usually: | negligible |
| Most marine species are found in a(n): | benthic environment. |
| Neritic marine environments would be found: | associated with continental shelves. |
| The euphotic zone is confined to the: | epipelagic zone. |
| the sublittoral (subtidal) zone is the area | below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf |
| Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by bioluminescence and large sensitive eyes. | true |
| Organisms with small, expandable bodies, extremely large mouths, and efficient teeth are likely to be found in the: | bathypelagic zone |
| producer consumer or decomposer? cyanobacteria | producer |
| producer consumer or decomposer? bacteria | decomposer |
| producer consumer or decomposer? flouder | consumer |
| producer consumer or decomposer? kelp | producer |
| producer consumer or decomposer? sargassum | producer |
| producer consumer or decomposer? starfish | consumer |
| The by-products of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). | false |
| Bacteria that manufacture carbohydrates in the absence of solar energy from inorganic carbon are autotrophs. | true |
| Net primary production can be estimated as the amount of photosynthesis plus the amount of respiration. | false |
| The group of marine algae with the highest abundance and greatest geographic distribution belong to the Division Rhodophyta. | true |
| Most marine algae are limited to depths above 100 meters; red algae have been observed growing at depths of over 250 meters. | true |
| Diatoms are classified as members of the Division Chlorophyta. | false |
| Marine algae that grow close to the limits of light penetration have accessory photosynthetic pigments that absorb high energy, short-wavelength light in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum. | true |
| Eutrophication results in an overabundance of organic matter. | true |
| Tropical marine waters have the highest rate of primary productivity in the world’s oceans. | false |
| Energy flow is unidirectional in contrast to nutrients, which cycle in ecosystems. | true |
| If the total caloric content of the autotrophic organisms in a marine ecosystem were 250,000 KCAL, then the expected caloric value for the second-level consumers would be 25,000 KCAL. | false |
| Consumers, producers, and decomposers are all examples of trophic levels within a food chain or food web. | true |
| In primary production there is a net gain in organic carbon. | true |
| Bacteria that make their own carbohydrates by obtaining energy from chemical compounds and not directly from the sun are: | chemosynthetic bacteria |
| Net primary productivity is net gain in organic carbon and photosynthesis minus cellular respiration. | true |
| The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include: | nitrogen and phosphorous |
| The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the: | oxygen compensation depth |
| The most abundant marine algae are members of the Division: | rhodophyta |
| Diatoms, important producers in the epipelagic open ocean, are members of the Division: | chromophyta |
| Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division: | dinophyceae |
| Important marine autotrophs that have SiO2 incorporated in the cell walls are: | diatoms |
| Marine flowering plants include ulva | false |
| Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to: | eutrophication |
| Harmful algal blooms (HABs) may produce toxins that affect human neurological functioning. | true |
| HABs are caused by diatoms and coccolithophorids | false |
| Eutrophication is a type of pollution caused by increased: | inorganic nutrient input |
| Annually, the relative productivity in the world’s oceans from most productive to least productive is: | temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters. |
| In temperate oceans during the winter months: | nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease. |
| In temperate oceans during the summer months: | nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and oxygen solubility decreases. |
| An area of the open ocean where the rate of primary productivity is very low is referred to as a(n): | oligotrophic area |
| Productivity in polar oceans is: | light-limited |
| Productivity in tropical oceans is: | nutrient-limited |
| If 10,000 KCAL of energy were contained in the primary producers, on average how many KCAL of energy would you expect to be transferred to third-order consumers? | 10KCAL |
| Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is: | cyclic |
| Energy flow in an ecosystem is: | unidirectional |
| The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around: | 10% |
| The percentage of biomass regularly recycled in the euphotic zone is about: | 90% |
| The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately: | 1% |
| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected is: | commensalism |
| The relationship between clown fishes and sea anemones is an example of: | mutualism |
| The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as: | largest catch that can be taken without overfishing. |
| The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the | continental shelves |
| The term-bycatch refers to: | non-target species that are caught along with commercial species. |
| Catches above the maximum sustainable yield result in | over fishing |
| Purse seines are nets that: | surround and trap fishes |
| The mass present at a given time of a population of fish is called its: | standing stock |
| order and suborder of blue whale | order cetacea, suborder musticeti |
| order and suborder of bottlenose dolphin | Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti |
| order of dugong | Order Sirenia |
| order and suborder of furseal | Order Carnivora, Suborder Pinnipedia |
| order and suborder of gray whale | Order Cetacea, Suborder Mysticeti |
| order and suborder of killer whale | Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti |
| order of manatee | Order Sirenia |
| order and suborder of sea lion | Order Carnivora, Suborder Pinnipedia |
| order and suborder of sperm whale | Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti |
| order and suborder of walrus | Order Carnivora, Suborder Pinnipedia |
| blue marlin fin shape | lunate caudal fin |
| bluefin tuna fin shape | lunate caudal fin |
| flounder fin shape | rounded caudal fin |
| gray angelfish fin shape | truncate caudal fin |
| herring fin shape | forked caudal fin |
| queen angel fin shape | rounded caudal fin |
| salmon fin shape | truncate caudal fin |
| silvertip shark fin shape | hereocercal caudal fin |
| tiger shark fin shape | heterocercal caudal fin |
| yellowtail snapper fin shape | forked caudal fin |
| Strategies for staying afloat in pelagic environments include air bladder, increased body fat, and increased density. | False |
| Sharks have lunate caudal fins. | false |
| Some fish maintain body temperatures significantly higher than the surrounding water using a modified circulatory countercurrent heat exchange system between muscle and blood vessels. | true |
| Muscles segments used in locomotion and found along the sides of fish are called myomeres. | true |
| Red muscles fiber is abundant in cruisers, while white muscle fiber is abundant in lungers. | true |
| We currently believe that all marine mammals evolved from land-dwelling mammals. | true |
| One adaptation for deep diving is an increase in heart rate during the dive. | false |
| Many cetaceans can extract 90% of the oxygen from each breath. | true |
| The mysticeti whales include the humpback, the gray, and the sperm whales. | false |
| The California gray whale is unusual because it stirs up bottom sediment in order to feed. | true |
| The migration routes of marine fishes and mammals are well known by man. | false |
| what is a member of the Phylum Cnidaria? | jelly fish |
| Which set of 2 fins are used for turning and breaking? | pectoral and pelvic |
| Which set of fins is used as stabilizers? | anal and dorsal |
| The shape of the caudal fin of a shark is referred to as: | heterocercal |
| The caudal fin of fast-cruising fish such as tuna is: | lunate |
| The body shape among fishes varies greatly in accordance with habitat and life-style. A torpedo-shaped body is found among: | fast swimming fishes |
| large bodies are adaptations of mesopelagic fishes | false |
| Bioluminescence is employed by mesopelagic animals for warning coloration | false |
| An example of a “cruiser” is a: | tuna |
| The muscle tissue of a “lunger” is predominantly the color | white |
| The speed of a fish is closely related to its: | length |
| Cruisers often have relatively high body temperature because: | it increases the power output of muscle tissue |
| sperm whales are baleen whales | false |
| Sea lions are easily distinguished from seals because they have external | ears |
| The humpback and other baleen whales migrate every year to | mate and give birth in the tropics during the winter. |
| Choose the word that doesn't belong: arrow worm, copepod, ctenophore, jellyfish, salp | arrow worm |
| Choose the word that doesn't belong: anal, caudal, dorsal, pelvic, ventral | ventral |
| Choose the word that doesn't belong: blubber, collapsible ribs, gas bladder, spines, swim bladder | collapsible ribs |
| Choose the word that doesn't belong: blue gray killer minke sei | killer |
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