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Med Term Test 4..SFC
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine glands | ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and transported thru/o the body |
| Exocrine glands | glands that have ducts that carry their secretions from the producing gland to other parts of the body (parotid, e.g.) |
| pituitary gland, hypophysis cerebri | size of a pea, located at base of brain; 2 lobes; "master gland" b/c it produces hormones that stimulate fxn of other endocrine glands |
| anterior lobe: adenhypophysis | produces & secretes GH, ACTH, TSH, gonadotropic H, FSH, LH |
| posterior lobe: neurohypophysis | stores & releases ADH & oxytocin |
| growth hormone (GH) | regulates body growth |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland |
| gonadotropic hormones | affect the male & female reproductive systems |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) | regulate development, growth, & fxn of the ovaries & testes |
| prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL) | promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy & produces milk after birth of an infant |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | stimulates kidney to reabsorb water |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions during labor & postpartum |
| hypothalamus | located near the pituitary gland in the brain; secretes "releasing" hormone that fxns to stimulate or inhibit release of pituitary hormones |
| thyroid gland | largest endocrine gland; located in the neck below the larynx & comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus; secretes triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4) (require iodine for their production): thyroxine necessary for body metabolism |
| parathyroid glands | four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid; PTH, the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of Ca in the blood |
| islets of Langerhans | clusters of endocrine tissue found thru/o the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones (insulin, glucagon, etc) |
| adrenal glands or suprarenals | paired glands above each kidney: adrenal cortex (outer portion) adrenal medulla (inner portion); secrete cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine, & norepinephrine |
| cortisol | secreted by the adrenal cortex; aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy; a.k.a. hydrocortisone |
| aldosterone | secreted by adrenal cortex; regulate electrolytes that are necessary for normal body fxn |
| epinephrine, norepinephrine | secreted by adrenal medulla; help the body deal with stress by increasing blood pressure, heartbeat, & respirations |
| acr/o | extremeties, height |
| dips/o | thirst |
| calc/i | calcium |
| kal/i | potassium |
| natr/o | sodium |
| -drome | run, running |
| acidosis | condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| Addison dz | chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex; symptoms: weakness, darkening of skin, loss of appetite, depression, etc |
| cretinism | condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism; dz characterized by puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, & dwarfism |
| Cushing syndrome | group of symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices: result of pituitary tumor or primary adrenal gland dysfxn; "moon face", abnormal pigmentation, pads of fat on chest & abd, buffalo hump, wasting away of muscle |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic dz involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by underactivity of islets of Langerhans; hyperglycemia; can cause chronic renal dz, retinopathy, neuropathy; severe: ketosis, acidosis, coma |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | result of decreased secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary lobe; S: polydipsia, polyuria, Na excretion from body |
| gigantism | condition of overproduction of GH by the pituitary b4 puberty |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Graves dz | disorder of the thryoid gland: hyperthyroidism, goiter, exophthalmos (eyes wide & poppy) |
| ketosis | condition resulting from DM; body has abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism |
| myxedema | condition resulting from deficiency of T4; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult; S: puffy face & hands, coarse/thick skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, anemia |
| pheochromocytoma | tumor of the adrenal medulla, usu benign w/ hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, abd pain; surgical removal of tumor is most common Tx; can be fatal if untreated |
| tetany | condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amts of calcium in the blood caused by PTH deficiency |
| thyrotoxicosis | condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones |
| radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) | nuc med scan that measures thyroid fxn; radioactive iodine is given to pt orally, uptake into thyroid gland is then measured |
| thyroid scan | nuc med test that shows size, shape, & fxn of thyroid gland; radioactive substance given to pt to visualize gland; image is recorded as the scanner is passed over the neck area; used to detect tumors & nodules |
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | blood test performed after the pt has fasted for 8-10 hrs to determine the amt of glucose in the blood @ the time of the test; elevation may indicate DM |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) | blood test that measures avg blood sugar concentration over the life span of the RBC; results indicate pt's avg blood sugar level for the 6-8 wks b4 the test, making it a useful tool in monitoring diabetes Tx |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone level | blood test that measures amt of TSH in the blood; used to Dx hyperthyroidism & to monitor pts on thyroid replacement therapy |
| thyroxine level (T4) | blood study that gives direct measurement of amt of thyroxine in the blood; high amt indicates hyperthyroidism, low amt indicates hypothyroidism |
| syndrome | (set of symptoms that) run (occur) together |
| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyeball |
| hormone | chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue |
| isthmus | narrow strip of tissue connecting 2 large parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland |
| metabolism | sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism |
| DI | diabetes insipidus |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| HbA1C | glycosylated hemoglobin |
| RAIU | radioactive iodine uptake |
| T4 | thyroxine level |
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