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nervous system ch 8
test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| what does the CNS consistsa of | brain and spinal cord |
| what does the PNS consists of | nerves and sensory receptors |
| ____ carries impulses formed of receptors to the CNS | PNS |
| PNS carries impulses form the CNS to ____ that carry out actions directed by CNS | effectors |
| what are the functional divisions of the nervous system | sensory and motor division |
| what are the subdivisions of the motor division | somatic and autonomic nervous system |
| _____ is involved in the voluntary control of the skeletal muscles | SNS- somatic nervous system |
| _____ provides involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. And is involved in maintaining homeostasis | ANS- autonomic nervous system |
| what are the two types of cells that compose nerve tissue | neurons and neuroglial cells |
| ___ are delicate cells that are specialized to transmit neural impulses | neurons |
| what are the structural and functional units of the nervous system | neurons |
| what is the portion of a neuron that contains the large, spherical nucleus | cell body |
| what are the 2 type of neuron processes that extend from the cell body | axon and dendrites |
| numerous, short, and highly branched processes that extend form the cell body are | dendrites |
| what are the primary sites for receiving impulses form other neurons and sensory receptors | dendrites |
| ____ carry impulses toward the cell body and axon | dendrites |
| ____ is a long, thin process of a neuron | axon |
| the slightly branched tips of the axon terminals are the ____ | synaptic knobs |
| _____ carry impulses from the cell body or dendrites | axon |
| _____ is a muscle or gland | effector |
| portion of the PNS that responds to certain stimuli by forming impulses | receptor |
| a group of neuron cell bodies | ganglion |
| a wave of depolarization passing over a neuron or muscle fiber | impulse |
| the fatty insulating substance around many axons | myelin sheath |
| supportive and protective cells within the nervous system | neuroglial cells |
| the outer membrane covering a myelin sheath | neurilemma |
| a chemical secreted by an axon that triggers the formation of an impulse in the postsynaptic neuron | neurotransmitter |
| what is the junction between a neuron and another cell | synapse |
| a involuntary response to a stimulus | reflex |
| what increases the speed of impulse transmissions | myelin sheath |
| tiny spaces between adjacent myelin forming cells where the axon is exposed | nodes of ranvier |
| what are the 3 type of neurons | sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons |
| _____ carry impulses from the peripheral parts of the body to the CNS | sensory neurons |
| cell bodies of _____ are ocated outside of the CNS in clusters called _____ | sensory neurons, ganglia |
| ____ are located entirely within the CNS and synapse with neurons | interneurons |
| who are responsible for processing and interpretation of impulses by CNS | interneurons |
| ____ receive impulses from sensory neurons and transmit them from place to place | interneurons |
| who activates motor neurons to produce actions by muscles and glands | interneurons |
| ____ carries impulses from the CNS to effectors, muscles, and glands to produse and action | motor neurons |
| ____ cell bodies and dendrites are located in ___ and their axons are located in cranial and spinal nerves | motor neurons, CNS |
| what is the only neurodlial cell located in PNS | schwann cells |
| schwann cells in the PNS form a _____ around axons | myelin sheath |
| what is essential for regeneration of the axon if it is injured or damaged | neurilemma |
| _____ form the myelin sheath around myelinated neurons in the CNS but dont form a neurilemma | oligodendrites |
| what are the primary supporting cells for neurons in the brain | astrocytes |
| _____ stimulate the growth of neurons, influence synaptic transmission, and join with the epithelium of blood vessels to form the ____ | astocytes, blood-brain barrier |
| what regulates the exchange of materials between blood and neurons | blood-brain barrier |
| ___ cells are scattered throughout the CNS where they act as phagocytes | microglial cells |
| _____ form a epithelial-like lining in the cavity and the brain and soinal cord | ependymal cells |
| ___ is the ability to respond to a stimulus by forming an impulse | irritability |
| ____ is the ability to transmit an impulse along a neuron to other neurons, glands, or muscles | conductivity |
| a resting neuron actively pumps ___ into the cell and ___ out of the cell | K-potassium, Na-sodium |
| the plasma membrane is more permeable to ____ | K-potassium |
| large ____ charged proteins and ions cannot diffuse out of the membrane | negatively |
| at rest, the membraneis ___ due to unequal distribution of electrical charges on each side of the plasma membrane | polarized |
| at rest, there is an excess of ___ charged ions outside the cell | postively |
| at rest, inside the cell is ____ | negative |
| at rest, ___ ions are ouside the membrane and ___ ions are inside the membrane | Na, K |
| the plasma membrane depolarizes when _________ | activated by a stimulus |
| the depolarization of the membrane creates _____ | nerve impulse |
| during depolarization, the outside is _______ the inside is ____, and both ___ and ___ are inside the cell | negative, positive, Na, K |
| during ____, Na permeability increases and Na moves inside causing it to be more positive than outside | depolarization |
| after depolarization, ___ diffuse outward to reestablish ______ | K, resting state |
| during repolarization, ___ is pumped out of neuron and __ is pumped into neuron to reestablish ion distribution of resting state | Na, K |
| depolariztion at one point triggers depolarization at adjacent points T or F | TRUE |
| what are the 3 types of nerves | sensory, motor, and mixed |
| PNS consists of 12 pairs of ___ and 31 pairs of ____ | cranial nerves, spinal nerves |
| motor nerves contain only ___ of motor neurons | axons |
| sensory nerves contain only ___ of sensory neurons | dendrons |
| mixed nerves contain both ___ and ___ | motor nerve axons and sensory nerve dendrons |
| what is the function of the spinal cord | to transmit impulses to and from the brain |
| ascending (sensory) tract | to the brain |
| descending (motor) tract | from the brain |
| brain consists of 4 ventricles filled with _____ which is extracted from _____ | cerebrospinal fluid, choroid plexus |
| controls and coordinates the interaction of skeletal muscles, posture, muscle coordination, and balance. damage results in the loss of equilibrium, muscle coordination and muscle tone | cerebellum |
| arouses the cerebrum to wakefullness, decrease in action causes sleep, and damage can result in unconsciousness or coma | reticulum formation |
| reflex center for visual and auditory stimuli | midbrain |
| controls the actions of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata | pons |
| contains the respiratory center that controls the resp rate and depth | medulla oblongata |
| contains the cardiac center that controls the heart rate | medulla oblongata |
| contains the vasomotor center that controls the blood pressure and flow of blood | medulla oblongata |
| what does the brain stem consists of | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons |
| this is associated with diencephalon and is involved in emotions and memory. when malfunctioned result can be mood disorder | limbic system |
| what is the primary function of the hypothalamus | to maintain homeostasis |
| relay station for incoming (sensory) and outgoing (motor) information | thalamus |
| sorts sensory and motor inputs and sends them to appropriate areas | thalamus |
| what is the major control center of the ANS | hypothalamus |
| what does the diencephalon consistsa of | hypothalamus and thalamus |
| hearing | temporal lobe |
| sight | occipital lobe |
| practiced motor skills, higher level of processing | frontal lobe |
| detailed sensory processing | parietal lobe |
| gray matter | cerebral cortex |
| white matter/columns | cerebral medulla |
| cerebral hemisphere is separated by ___ and connected by ____ | longitudinal fissure, corpus calloseum |
| folds | gyri |
| shallow grooves | sulci |
| what is the largest portion of the brain and what is its functions | cerebrum, sensations, voluntary actions, reasoning,problem solving, planning |
| what are the four major components of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem |
| purpose is to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in internal conditions | ANS |
| runs from CNS to autonomic ganglion | preganglionic neuron |
| runs from ganglion to viseral effector | postganglionic neuron |
| what sre the subdivisions of the ANS | sympathetic and parasmpathetic divisions |
| rest and digest | parasympathetic division |
| fight or flight | sympathetic division |
Created by:
cward
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