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chapter 11
communication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adenylyl caclase | An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal. |
| cyclic amp (cAMP) | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring–shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells |
| Diacylglycerol(DAG) | A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane. |
| G Protein | a GTP binding protein that relays signals from a membrane signal receptor to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell |
| G protien linked receptor | A cell surface receptor that consists of a polypeptide chain threaded across the membrane seven times and that, when activated by the binding of a ligand, in turn activates a cytosolic G-protein molecule |
| Hormone | In multicellular organisms, one of many types of circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells to change their functioning. |
| Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) | A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration. |
| Ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. |
| Ligand-gated ion channels | a protein pore in the plasma membrane that opensor closes in responce to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions |
| local regulator | A chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity. |
| protein kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein. |
| protein phosphate | An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase. |
| Reception | Reception is the target cell′s detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is “detected” when it binds to a receptor protein located at the cell′s surface or inside the cell. |
| Receptor tyrosine Kinase | a protein in the membrane that responds to the to the binding of a signal molecule by catalyzing the trasnsfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor |
| response | In the third stage of cell signaling, the transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response. The response may be almost any imaginable cellular activity |
| scaffolding protein second messenger | A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction. |
| signal transduction pathway | A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| transduction | The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction. The transduction stage converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response |
Created by:
leahfreeborn
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