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SAT II BIO VOCAB 1
Vocabulary for the SAT II Biology Test (Abiotic Factors-Centromere)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abiotic Factors | nonliving factors in an ecosystem (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, soil) |
| Abscisic acid (ABA) | Plant hormone that inhibits growth |
| Acoelomate | an animal that has no true coelom i.e. flatworms |
| Actin | protein that makes up thin myofilaments in skeletal muscle |
| Active Transport | movement of a particle against a gradient, from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy |
| Adenosine Triphospate (ATP) | energy molecule |
| Adventitious roots | roots that rise above the ground, example are aerial roots and prop roots |
| Agonistic behavior | aggressive behavior |
| Alcohol Fermentation | the process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen |
| Allantois | extra embryonic membrane in bird's egg, it exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo |
| Alleles | alternate forms of a gene, for example there are two alleles for height in pea plants: tall and dwarf |
| Alveolus | microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs |
| Amnion | membrane that encloses the embryo in the protective amniotic fluid |
| Amylase | enzyme that digests starch |
| Analogous structures | structures that have the same function but not the same underlying structure |
| Aneuploidy | any abnormal condition of the chromosomes |
| Angiosperms | anthophyta or flowering plants |
| Anion | a negative ion |
| Antennae | molecules that assist in photosynthesis by capturing and passing on photons of light to chlorophyl |
| Anther | male part of the flower where sperm (pollen) is produced by meiosis |
| Antheridia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte plant and that produces sperm |
| Antibodies | immunoglobins, part of the third line of defense, the specific immune response |
| Anticodon | the three nucleotide sequence associated with tRNA |
| Antigens | anything that triggers an antibody response |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Achaeopteryx | an intermediate fossil that shows reptile and bird characteristics |
| Archegonia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte and that produce eggs |
| Associative Learning | one type of learning that links one stimulus to another through experience |
| ATP synthase | structures in the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts where ATP is formed |
| Autonomic Nervous System | part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions, such as heart and breathing rate |
| Autosomes | chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes |
| Abiotic Factors | nonliving factors in an ecosystem (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, soil) |
| Abscisic acid (ABA) | Plant hormone that inhibits growth |
| Acoelomate | an animal that has no true coelom i.e. flatworms |
| Actin | protein that makes up thin myofilaments in skeletal muscle |
| Active Transport | movement of a particle against a gradient, from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy |
| Adenosine Triphospate (ATP) | energy molecule |
| Adventitious roots | roots that rise above the ground, example are aerial roots and prop roots |
| Agonistic behavior | aggressive behavior |
| Alcohol Fermentation | the process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen |
| Allantois | extra embryonic membrane in bird's egg, it exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo |
| Alleles | alternate forms of a gene, for example there are two alleles for height in pea plants: tall and dwarf |
| Alveolus | microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs |
| Amnion | membrane that encloses the embryo in the protective amniotic fluid |
| Amylase | enzyme that digests starch |
| Analogous structures | structures that have the same function but not the same underlying structure |
| Aneuploidy | any abnormal condition of the chromosomes |
| Angiosperms | anthophyta or flowering plants |
| Anion | a negative ion |
| Antennae | molecules that assist in photosynthesis by capturing and passing on photons of light to chlorophyl |
| Anther | male part of the flower where sperm (pollen) is produced by meiosis |
| Antheridia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte plant and that produces sperm |
| Antibodies | immunoglobins, part of the third line of defense, the specific immune response |
| Anticodon | the three nucleotide sequence associated with tRNA |
| Antigens | anything that triggers an antibody response |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Achaeopteryx | an intermediate fossil that shows reptile and bird characteristics |
| Archegonia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte and that produce eggs |
| Associative Learning | one type of learning that links one stimulus to another through experience |
| ATP synthase | structures in the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts where ATP is formed |
| Autonomic Nervous System | part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions, such as heart and breathing rate |
| Autosomes | chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes |
| Abiotic Factors | nonliving factors in an ecosystem (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, soil) |
| Abscisic acid (ABA) | Plant hormone that inhibits growth |
| Acoelomate | an animal that has no true coelom i.e. flatworms |
| Actin | protein that makes up thin myofilaments in skeletal muscle |
| Active Transport | movement of a particle against a gradient, from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy |
| Adenosine Triphospate (ATP) | energy molecule |
| Adventitious roots | roots that rise above the ground, example are aerial roots and prop roots |
| Agonistic behavior | aggressive behavior |
| Alcohol Fermentation | the process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen |
| Allantois | extra embryonic membrane in bird's egg, it exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo |
| Alleles | alternate forms of a gene, for example there are two alleles for height in pea plants: tall and dwarf |
| Alveolus | microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs |
| Amnion | membrane that encloses the embryo in the protective amniotic fluid |
| Amylase | enzyme that digests starch |
| Analogous structures | structures that have the same function but not the same underlying structure |
| Aneuploidy | any abnormal condition of the chromosomes |
| Angiosperms | anthophyta or flowering plants |
| Anion | a negative ion |
| Antennae | molecules that assist in photosynthesis by capturing and passing on photons of light to chlorophyl |
| Anther | male part of the flower where sperm (pollen) is produced by meiosis |
| Antheridia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte plant and that produces sperm |
| Antibodies | immunoglobins, part of the third line of defense, the specific immune response |
| Anticodon | the three nucleotide sequence associated with tRNA |
| Antigens | anything that triggers an antibody response |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Achaeopteryx | an intermediate fossil that shows reptile and bird characteristics |
| Archegonia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte and that produce eggs |
| Associative Learning | one type of learning that links one stimulus to another through experience |
| ATP synthase | structures in the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts where ATP is formed |
| Autonomic Nervous System | part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions, such as heart and breathing rate |
| Autosomes | chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes |
| Abiotic Factors | nonliving factors in an ecosystem (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, soil) |
| Abscisic acid (ABA) | Plant hormone that inhibits growth |
| Acoelomate | an animal that has no true coelom i.e. flatworms |
| Actin | protein that makes up thin myofilaments in skeletal muscle |
| Active Transport | movement of a particle against a gradient, from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy |
| Adenosine Triphospate (ATP) | energy molecule |
| Adventitious roots | roots that rise above the ground, example are aerial roots and prop roots |
| Agonistic behavior | aggressive behavior |
| Alcohol Fermentation | the process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen |
| Allantois | extra embryonic membrane in bird's egg, it exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo |
| Alleles | alternate forms of a gene, for example there are two alleles for height in pea plants: tall and dwarf |
| Alveolus | microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs |
| Amnion | membrane that encloses the embryo in the protective amniotic fluid |
| Amylase | enzyme that digests starch |
| Analogous structures | structures that have the same function but not the same underlying structure |
| Aneuploidy | any abnormal condition of the chromosomes |
| Angiosperms | anthophyta or flowering plants |
| Anion | a negative ion |
| Antennae | molecules that assist in photosynthesis by capturing and passing on photons of light to chlorophyl |
| Anther | male part of the flower where sperm (pollen) is produced by meiosis |
| Antheridia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte plant and that produces sperm |
| Antibodies | immunoglobins, part of the third line of defense, the specific immune response |
| Anticodon | the three nucleotide sequence associated with tRNA |
| Antigens | anything that triggers an antibody response |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Achaeopteryx | an intermediate fossil that shows reptile and bird characteristics |
| Archegonia | structures located on the tips of a gametophyte and that produce eggs |
| Associative Learning | one type of learning that links one stimulus to another through experience |
| ATP synthase | structures in the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts where ATP is formed |
| Autonomic Nervous System | part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions, such as heart and breathing rate |
| Autosomes | chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes |
| Autotrophs | organisms that produce their own food |
| Auxins | growth hormones in plants that are responsible for phototropism and apical dominance |
| Backcross | test-cross, a technique to determine whether an individual plant or animal showing trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous |
| Bacterial transformation | the ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by up-taking foreign DNA from other bacterial cells and incorporating it into their own |
| Base-pair substitution | a mutation where one nucleotide is substituted for a correct on in the DNA strand |
| Bicarbonate ion | the most important buffer in human blood, responsible for keeping pH of blood at 7.4 |
| Bile | chemical produced in the liver and released from the gallbladder that emulsifies fats |
| Binomial nomenclature | system of taxonomy that we use today developed by Carl von Linne, in this system every organism has a two part name |
| Biological magnification | organisms at higher trophic levels have a greater concentrations of accumulated toxins stored in their bodies than those at lower trophic levels |
| Biosphere | the global ecosystem |
| Biotechnology | the branch of science that uses recombinant DNA techniques for practical purposes, also called genetic engineering |
| Biotic Factor | includes all the organisms with which an organism might react in an ecosystem |
| Biotic potential | the maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions |
| Bottleneck Effect | natural disasters such as fire, earthquake, and flood reduce the size of a population non-selectively, resulting in a loss of genetic variation, the resulting population is much smaller and not representative of the original one |
| Budding | splitting off of new individuals form existing ones, how a hydra reproduces |
| Buffers | chemicals that resist change in pH |
| C-4 Photosynthesis | modification for dry environments, these plants exhibit modified anatomy and biochemical pathways |
| Calvin cycle | cyclical process that produces sugar, it occurs during the light-independent reactions |
| Carbon fixation | incorporation of carbon dioxide into a sugar |
| Cardiac sphincter | band of muscle at the top of the stomach that keeps acidified food in the stomach from backing up |
| Carotenoids | photosynthetic antennae pigments, are orange and yellow |
| Carpel | female part of the flower, produce the female gametophytes, ova |
| Carrying capacity (K) | a limit to the number of individuals that can occupy one area at a particular time |
| Cation | a positive ion |
| Centrioles | responsible for division of the cytoplasm in animal cells, they are not present in plant cells |
| Centromere | specialized region of a chromosome that holds two sister chromatids together |
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