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Restorative Art
Final Qtr 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color | Restorative Art |
| Anatomical study of the face and features | Physiognomy |
| Early restorative artists tried plaster of paris to repair wounds, what were the problems with this? | It was heavy, it would crack and absorb body fluids |
| Early restorative artists tried clay and putty, what were the problems with these? | There were color problems and they couldn't cosmetize over it |
| Early restorative artists tried skin grafts, what were some of the problems with this? | The skin would dehydrate quickly and they had to suture it on |
| Early restorative artists tried parafin, what were some of the problems with this? | It hardened quickly, it was hard, and they couldn't cosmetize over it |
| Early restorative artists tried soap, what were some of the problems with this? | It didn't stick, and they couldn't cosmetize over it |
| Name the early names for restorative art | Dermasurgery, Plastic Surgery, Demi-surgery |
| What are the 4 restorations that you do not need permission for? | 1) Reducing swelling/distention 2) Eliminating leakage of body fluids 3) Bleaching tissue discolorations 4) Tissue Building |
| What constitutes as major restoration? | It requires a lot of time to do, it covers an extensive scope/area, additional skill is required |
| What constitutes as minor restoration? | It will take a half hour or less, it covers a small area, it takes little skill |
| Most common characteristic of a feature or part | Norm |
| Exception to the norm; anatomical anomaly | Anomaly |
| Toward the front of the body, front of a point of reference | Anterior |
| Toward the back of the body, behind a point of reference | Posterior |
| Toward the head of the body or above a point of reference | Superior |
| Toward the feet of the body or below a point of reference | Inferior |
| Toward the middle or mid-line | Medial |
| Away from the middle or on a side of the body | Lateral |
| Both sides | Bilateral |
| Seen directly by the observer in anatomical position | Frontal View |
| 90 degrees away from the front, one side or the other | Profile |
| Superior to inferior; up & down; perpendicular | Vertical |
| Side to side at right angles to mid-line; transverse | Horizontal |
| Slanted or at any angle other than a right angle to the vertical | Oblique |
| Jutting out of a part or structure in comparison with a background plane or other part or structure; coming at the observer | Projection |
| Moving backward of a structure or part in comparison to a foreground plane or part or structure; away from the observer | Recession |
| Curving or bulging outward or forward from a background plane | Convex |
| Curving or sinking inward or backward from a foreground plane | Concave |
| Top or bottom of a curved surface where the direction changes | Crest of a Curvature |
| State of being out of balance or alignment | Asymmetry |
| What is the purpose of bone in restorative art? | Support and shape |
| What shape is the skull? | Oval (egg) Shaped *Posterior part is wider than the anterior *Superior part is wider than the inferior |
| Approximately how wide is the skull? | Approx. 2/3 of its length |
| Name the cranial bones and how many there are | 1 Frontal, 2 Parietal, 2 Temporal, 1 Occipital = 6 |
| Name the facial bones and how many there are | 2 Nasal, 2 Zygomatic, 2 Maxillary, 1 Mandible = 7 |
| What are the landmarks of the occipital bone? | Foramen Magnum, External Occipital Protuberance, Superior Nuchal Line, Occipital Condyles |
| How is the foramen magnum used in restorative art? | To restore decapitation |
| Name the two cervical vertebrae that articulate with the occipital condyles | C1 (Atlas) articulates directly & C2 (Axis) articulates with C1 |
| Name the sutures that border the parietal bones | Mid-sagital, Lambdoidal, Squamosal, Coronal |
| Name the landmark of the parietal bones | The parietal eminence *This is where the widest part of the cranium is measured |
| Name the landmarks of the temporal bones | Squama, External Auditory Meatus, Mandibular Fossa, Mastoid Process, Zygomatic Arch |
| What is the most posterior and inferior part of the temporal bone? | Mastoid Process |
| Where is the widest part of the neck measured? | Mastoid Process |
| Where do you measure the widest part of the face as a whole? | Between the zygomatic arches |
| Name the landmarks of the frontal bone | Frontal Eminences, Supercilliary Arches, Supraorbital Margins/Ridges, Glabella, Lines of the Temple |
| What degree is the interior angle of the lines of the temple? | 110 degrees |
| What is the most superior and anterior bone of the cranium? | Frontal Bone |
| Name the two bones that form the nasal septum | Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone & vomer bone |
| Is the septum perfectly centered? | Nope, usually a natural curve to the left, asymmetrical |
| Where do you measure the widest part of the anterior plane of the face? | Between the Prominences of the Cheek |
| Where is the naturally warm area of the face? | Where the zygomatic bones are |
| Name the landmarks of the Maxillary Bones | Nasal Spine, Frontal Processes, Alveolar Processes, Palatine Process |
| The hard palate is also known as the... | Roof of the Mouth |
| What is the most anterior and inferior bone of the skull? | Mandible |
| What are the two parts of the mandible? | The ramus and the body |
| Name the landmarks of the mandible | Alveolar Processes, Mental Eminence, Incisive Fossa, Angle of the Mandible, Mandibular Condyle |
| What is the normal range of the angle of the mandible? | 110*-120* in an adult 140* in the elderly |
| Projection of the jaws or a part of the jaws beyond the upper part of the face | Prognathism |
| The whole upper jaw projects forward | Maxillary Prognathism |
| The body of the mandible is longer/projects forward and the lower teeth can be in front of the upper teeth | Mandibular Prognathism |
| "Overbite"; Only the alveolar margin projects forward | Alveolar Prognathism |
| "Buck Teeth"; The teeth are growing out at the wrong angle | Dental Prognathism |
| The area under the nose, the 4 incisors project forward | Infranasal Prognathism |
| At what angle do furrows usually develop in relation to the muscle striations? | At right angles |
| What happens to muscle tone as you age? | It decreases |
| The stationary point of muscle attachment | Origin of the Muscle |
| Point of attachment where the pull of the muscle is applied | Insertion of the Muscle |
| What the muscle does | The Action of the Muscle |
| Alignment of the fibers of muscle "Grain of the Muscle" | Striation |
| Thickest part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion of the muscle | Belly of the Muscle |
| Tough fibrous connective tissue; attaches muscle to another structure | Tendon |
| When muscle has two fleshy parts separated by a sheet of tendon | Double-Bellied |
| Type of muscle that surrounds a natural body opening; uses purse-string action | Sphincter Muscle |
| Muscle that has multiple origins but one insertion point | Radiating Muscle |
| Muscles that reverse the action of each other | Antagonistic Muscles |
| Broad, flat, thin covering of muscle made up of the same tissue as tendon | Aponeurosis |
| "Muscle of Surprise" that raises the eyebrows and causes Transverse Frontal Sulci | Frontalis Muscle |
| Muscle that covers the top of the parietal bones and part of the frontal bone | Galea Aponeurotica |
| A radiating muscle with a semi-circular origin on the temporal bone; **strongest chewing muscle | Temporalis Muscle |
| A sphincter muscle that forms the eyelids and closes the eyelids; form Optic Facial Sulci "Crows Feet" | Orbicularis Oculi |
| Muscle that draws the eyebrows in and down and causes Interciliary Vertical Sulci **"Frowning Muscle" | Corrigator |
| Long, thin flap of muscle that inserts into the tarsis and lifts the eyelid | Levator Palpebrae Superioris |
| Muscle that runs down the dorsum of the nose and causes Transverse Interciliary Sulci | Procerus |
| "Nasalis Muscle" that flares the nostrils | Depressor Nasalis |
| Sphincter muscle that forms the integumentary lips and part of the mucous membrane; form Labial Sulci and where the Philtrum is located | Orbicularis Oris |
| "Common Elevator" that raises the upper lip and wing of the nose; medial head of the quadratus | Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi |
| The main muscle that raises and moves the upper lip; intermediate head of the quadratus | Levator Labii Superioris |
| "Smiling Muscle"; lateral head of the quadratus | Zygomaticus Minor |
| "Snarling Muscle" that lifts the corner of the mouth | Levator Anguli Oris |
| "Laughing Muscle" | Zygomaticus Major |
| "Buglers/Trumpeters Muscle" that is the deepest cheek muscle | Buccinator |
| Muscle just on top of the buccinator that is used for chewing and articulation | Masseter |
| Most superficial cheek muscle that pulls the mouth bilaterally | Risorius |
| "Triangularis"; pulls down the corners of the mouth | Depressor Anguli Oris |
| Prime mover of the lower lip | Depressor Labii Inferioris |
| Muscle that raises and protrudes the lower lip and gives fullness, shape, and protrusion to the chin | Mentalis Muscle |
| "Shock & Horror Muscle" | Platysma |
| Muscle that attaches to the mastoid process where the widest part of the neck is measured; guide during embalming for the carotid artery | Sterno-cleido-mastoid Muscle (SCM) |
| The two muscles that form the cords of the neck as we age | The Di-gastricus & Omo-hyoidious |
| Name the 4 types of subcutaneous tissue | 1) Deep Fascia 2) Superficial Fascia 3) Adipose 4) Glandular |
| Where is the thinnest skin found? | The eyelids |
| Where are ceruminous glands found? | In the ear |
| Connects the lip to the gum | Frenulum |
| What are the most common glands in the skin? | Sudoriferous & Sebacious |
| Name the two layers of the skin | Dermis & Epidermis |
| Name the deepest layer of the skin | Dermis |
| Name the most superficial layer of the skin | Epidermis |
| What are some factors that affect the condition of the skin? | Aging, Sun Exposure, Weather |
| The primary pigment in the skin; dark brown, black | Melanin |
| In which cells do you find melanin? | Melanocytes |
| Exposure to sun can increase the amount of melanin, "Suntan", what is this called? | Melanosis |
| "Liver Spots", local and permanent concentrations of melanin | Chloasma |
| "Vitiligo", localized absence or permanent destruction of melanocytes | Leukoderma |
| "Albino", congenital complete absence of melanocytes | Albinism |
| Mole; increase in collagen and melanocytes | Nevus |
| "Freckles", local and temporary concentration of melanocytes | Lentigo |
| Yellow pigment usually found in adipose tissue | Carotene |
| Found in the blood in the capillaries and adds a reddish undertone | Hematin |
| "Port Wine Stain" "Strawberry Stain" | Angioma |
| Rules of proportions created by the greeks | Canon of Beauty |
| Vertical measurement | Length |
| Horizontal measurement | Width |
| Vertical measurement of a feature or part of a feature | Height |
| What is the height of a person equivalent to? | 7.5-8 head lengths |
| Name the thirds that the face can be divided into | Hairline to the Eyebrow Eyebrow to the Base of the Nose Base of the Nose to the Base of the Chin |
| Which third is the ear located? | Middle third |
| Is it true that the angle of inclination of the ear, the ramus, and the forehead all match? | Yes |
| Name the thirds that the lower third of the face can be divided into | Base of the Nose to the Line of Lip Closure Line of Lip Closure to the Top of the Chin Top of the Chin to the Bottom of the Chin |
| From zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch, how many eye widths is the face? | 5 eye widths |
| From inner corner of the eye to inner corner is approx how many eye widths? | 1 eye width |
| From outer corner of the eye to zygomatic arch is how many eye widths? | 1 eye width |
| The width of the nose is approx how many eye widths? | 1 eye width |
| The mouth from corner to corner is how many eye widths? | Approx 2 eye widths |
| Name the supplemental equalities | Hairline to the Base of the Nose is 2/3 Base of the Nose to the Base of the Chin is 2/3 Tip of the nose to the ear passage is 2/3 |
| Name the 3 basic profiles | Convex, Concave, Vertical |
| Most common profile; the forehead recedes from the eyebrow and the chin recedes from the upper lip | Convex Profile |
| The forehead doesn't recede and the chin doesn't recede; more like a straight line | Vertical Profile |
| Least common profile; the forehead protrudes and the chin protrudes as well | Concave Profile |
| Name the 6 variations on the 3 basic profiles | Convex-Concave Concave-Convex Vertical-Convex Vertical-Concave Concave-Vertical Convex-Vertical |
| The most common face shape | Oval |
| The "Infantine" face | Round |
| The "Strong" face | Square |
| The least common face shape | Triangular |
| Name the 7 face shapes | Oval, Round, Square, Oblong, Triangular, Inverted Triangle, Diamond |
| Name the two types of photographs | Professional & Candid |
| Which profile view is the most preferred for restorative art? | 3/4 view |
| Area/surface of the face lying at a right angle to the source of illumination and reflects the maximum amount of light | Highlight |
| Surfaces that do not lie at right angles to the source of illumination or are obscured by other surfaces | Shadow |
| Source of illumination is from above and anterior to the head; **Best source of light | Normal/Natural Lighting |
| Like a spotlight, the light can be directed from any direction | Direct Lighting |
| Least desirable lighting that can come from flashbulbs and gives the face a 2D effect | Flat Lighting |
| Comparison of the 2 sides of the face or the 2 sides of a feature to observe and note the similarities and differences | Bilateral View |
Created by:
sbarton
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