Final Qtr 1
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| Care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color | Restorative Art
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| Anatomical study of the face and features | Physiognomy
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| Early restorative artists tried plaster of paris to repair wounds, what were the problems with this? | It was heavy, it would crack and absorb body fluids
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| Early restorative artists tried clay and putty, what were the problems with these? | There were color problems and they couldn't cosmetize over it
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| Early restorative artists tried skin grafts, what were some of the problems with this? | The skin would dehydrate quickly and they had to suture it on
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| Early restorative artists tried parafin, what were some of the problems with this? | It hardened quickly, it was hard, and they couldn't cosmetize over it
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| Early restorative artists tried soap, what were some of the problems with this? | It didn't stick, and they couldn't cosmetize over it
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| Name the early names for restorative art | Dermasurgery, Plastic Surgery, Demi-surgery
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| What are the 4 restorations that you do not need permission for? | 1) Reducing swelling/distention
2) Eliminating leakage of body fluids
3) Bleaching tissue discolorations
4) Tissue Building
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| What constitutes as major restoration? | It requires a lot of time to do, it covers an extensive scope/area, additional skill is required
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| What constitutes as minor restoration? | It will take a half hour or less, it covers a small area, it takes little skill
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| Most common characteristic of a feature or part | Norm
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| Exception to the norm; anatomical anomaly | Anomaly
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| Toward the front of the body, front of a point of reference | Anterior
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| Toward the back of the body, behind a point of reference | Posterior
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| Toward the head of the body or above a point of reference | Superior
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| Toward the feet of the body or below a point of reference | Inferior
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| Toward the middle or mid-line | Medial
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| Away from the middle or on a side of the body | Lateral
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| Both sides | Bilateral
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| Seen directly by the observer in anatomical position | Frontal View
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| 90 degrees away from the front, one side or the other | Profile
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| Superior to inferior; up & down; perpendicular | Vertical
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| Side to side at right angles to mid-line; transverse | Horizontal
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| Slanted or at any angle other than a right angle to the vertical | Oblique
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| Jutting out of a part or structure in comparison with a background plane or other part or structure; coming at the observer | Projection
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| Moving backward of a structure or part in comparison to a foreground plane or part or structure; away from the observer | Recession
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| Curving or bulging outward or forward from a background plane | Convex
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| Curving or sinking inward or backward from a foreground plane | Concave
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| Top or bottom of a curved surface where the direction changes | Crest of a Curvature
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| State of being out of balance or alignment | Asymmetry
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| What is the purpose of bone in restorative art? | Support and shape
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| What shape is the skull? | Oval (egg) Shaped
*Posterior part is wider than the anterior
*Superior part is wider than the inferior
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| Approximately how wide is the skull? | Approx. 2/3 of its length
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| Name the cranial bones and how many there are | 1 Frontal, 2 Parietal, 2 Temporal, 1 Occipital
= 6
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| Name the facial bones and how many there are | 2 Nasal, 2 Zygomatic, 2 Maxillary, 1 Mandible
= 7
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| What are the landmarks of the occipital bone? | Foramen Magnum, External Occipital Protuberance, Superior Nuchal Line, Occipital Condyles
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| How is the foramen magnum used in restorative art? | To restore decapitation
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| Name the two cervical vertebrae that articulate with the occipital condyles | C1 (Atlas) articulates directly & C2 (Axis) articulates with C1
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| Name the sutures that border the parietal bones | Mid-sagital, Lambdoidal, Squamosal, Coronal
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| Name the landmark of the parietal bones | The parietal eminence
*This is where the widest part of the cranium is measured
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| Name the landmarks of the temporal bones | Squama, External Auditory Meatus, Mandibular Fossa, Mastoid Process, Zygomatic Arch
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| What is the most posterior and inferior part of the temporal bone? | Mastoid Process
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| Where is the widest part of the neck measured? | Mastoid Process
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| Where do you measure the widest part of the face as a whole? | Between the zygomatic arches
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| Name the landmarks of the frontal bone | Frontal Eminences, Supercilliary Arches, Supraorbital Margins/Ridges, Glabella, Lines of the Temple
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| What degree is the interior angle of the lines of the temple? | 110 degrees
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| What is the most superior and anterior bone of the cranium? | Frontal Bone
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| Name the two bones that form the nasal septum | Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone & vomer bone
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| Is the septum perfectly centered? | Nope, usually a natural curve to the left, asymmetrical
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| Where do you measure the widest part of the anterior plane of the face? | Between the Prominences of the Cheek
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| Where is the naturally warm area of the face? | Where the zygomatic bones are
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| Name the landmarks of the Maxillary Bones | Nasal Spine, Frontal Processes, Alveolar Processes, Palatine Process
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| The hard palate is also known as the... | Roof of the Mouth
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| What is the most anterior and inferior bone of the skull? | Mandible
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| What are the two parts of the mandible? | The ramus and the body
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| Name the landmarks of the mandible | Alveolar Processes, Mental Eminence, Incisive Fossa, Angle of the Mandible, Mandibular Condyle
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| What is the normal range of the angle of the mandible? | 110*-120* in an adult
140* in the elderly
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| Projection of the jaws or a part of the jaws beyond the upper part of the face | Prognathism
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| The whole upper jaw projects forward | Maxillary Prognathism
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| The body of the mandible is longer/projects forward and the lower teeth can be in front of the upper teeth | Mandibular Prognathism
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| "Overbite"; Only the alveolar margin projects forward | Alveolar Prognathism
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| "Buck Teeth"; The teeth are growing out at the wrong angle | Dental Prognathism
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| The area under the nose, the 4 incisors project forward | Infranasal Prognathism
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| At what angle do furrows usually develop in relation to the muscle striations? | At right angles
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| What happens to muscle tone as you age? | It decreases
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| The stationary point of muscle attachment | Origin of the Muscle
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| Point of attachment where the pull of the muscle is applied | Insertion of the Muscle
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| What the muscle does | The Action of the Muscle
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| Alignment of the fibers of muscle "Grain of the Muscle" | Striation
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| Thickest part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion of the muscle | Belly of the Muscle
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| Tough fibrous connective tissue; attaches muscle to another structure | Tendon
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| When muscle has two fleshy parts separated by a sheet of tendon | Double-Bellied
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| Type of muscle that surrounds a natural body opening; uses purse-string action | Sphincter Muscle
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| Muscle that has multiple origins but one insertion point | Radiating Muscle
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| Muscles that reverse the action of each other | Antagonistic Muscles
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| Broad, flat, thin covering of muscle made up of the same tissue as tendon | Aponeurosis
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| "Muscle of Surprise" that raises the eyebrows and causes Transverse Frontal Sulci | Frontalis Muscle
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| Muscle that covers the top of the parietal bones and part of the frontal bone | Galea Aponeurotica
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| A radiating muscle with a semi-circular origin on the temporal bone; **strongest chewing muscle | Temporalis Muscle
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| A sphincter muscle that forms the eyelids and closes the eyelids; form Optic Facial Sulci "Crows Feet" | Orbicularis Oculi
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| Muscle that draws the eyebrows in and down and causes Interciliary Vertical Sulci **"Frowning Muscle" | Corrigator
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| Long, thin flap of muscle that inserts into the tarsis and lifts the eyelid | Levator Palpebrae Superioris
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| Muscle that runs down the dorsum of the nose and causes Transverse Interciliary Sulci | Procerus
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| "Nasalis Muscle" that flares the nostrils | Depressor Nasalis
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| Sphincter muscle that forms the integumentary lips and part of the mucous membrane; form Labial Sulci and where the Philtrum is located | Orbicularis Oris
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| "Common Elevator" that raises the upper lip and wing of the nose; medial head of the quadratus | Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
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| The main muscle that raises and moves the upper lip; intermediate head of the quadratus | Levator Labii Superioris
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| "Smiling Muscle"; lateral head of the quadratus | Zygomaticus Minor
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| "Snarling Muscle" that lifts the corner of the mouth | Levator Anguli Oris
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| "Laughing Muscle" | Zygomaticus Major
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| "Buglers/Trumpeters Muscle" that is the deepest cheek muscle | Buccinator
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| Muscle just on top of the buccinator that is used for chewing and articulation | Masseter
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| Most superficial cheek muscle that pulls the mouth bilaterally | Risorius
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| "Triangularis"; pulls down the corners of the mouth | Depressor Anguli Oris
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| Prime mover of the lower lip | Depressor Labii Inferioris
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| Muscle that raises and protrudes the lower lip and gives fullness, shape, and protrusion to the chin | Mentalis Muscle
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| "Shock & Horror Muscle" | Platysma
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| Muscle that attaches to the mastoid process where the widest part of the neck is measured; guide during embalming for the carotid artery | Sterno-cleido-mastoid Muscle (SCM)
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| The two muscles that form the cords of the neck as we age | The Di-gastricus & Omo-hyoidious
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| Name the 4 types of subcutaneous tissue | 1) Deep Fascia
2) Superficial Fascia
3) Adipose
4) Glandular
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| Where is the thinnest skin found? | The eyelids
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| Where are ceruminous glands found? | In the ear
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| Connects the lip to the gum | Frenulum
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| What are the most common glands in the skin? | Sudoriferous & Sebacious
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| Name the two layers of the skin | Dermis & Epidermis
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| Name the deepest layer of the skin | Dermis
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| Name the most superficial layer of the skin | Epidermis
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| What are some factors that affect the condition of the skin? | Aging, Sun Exposure, Weather
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| The primary pigment in the skin; dark brown, black | Melanin
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| In which cells do you find melanin? | Melanocytes
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| Exposure to sun can increase the amount of melanin, "Suntan", what is this called? | Melanosis
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| "Liver Spots", local and permanent concentrations of melanin | Chloasma
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| "Vitiligo", localized absence or permanent destruction of melanocytes | Leukoderma
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| "Albino", congenital complete absence of melanocytes | Albinism
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| Mole; increase in collagen and melanocytes | Nevus
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| "Freckles", local and temporary concentration of melanocytes | Lentigo
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| Yellow pigment usually found in adipose tissue | Carotene
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| Found in the blood in the capillaries and adds a reddish undertone | Hematin
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| "Port Wine Stain" "Strawberry Stain" | Angioma
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| Rules of proportions created by the greeks | Canon of Beauty
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| Vertical measurement | Length
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| Horizontal measurement | Width
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| Vertical measurement of a feature or part of a feature | Height
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| What is the height of a person equivalent to? | 7.5-8 head lengths
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| Name the thirds that the face can be divided into | Hairline to the Eyebrow
Eyebrow to the Base of the Nose
Base of the Nose to the Base of the Chin
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| Which third is the ear located? | Middle third
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| Is it true that the angle of inclination of the ear, the ramus, and the forehead all match? | Yes
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| Name the thirds that the lower third of the face can be divided into | Base of the Nose to the Line of Lip Closure
Line of Lip Closure to the Top of the Chin
Top of the Chin to the Bottom of the Chin
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| From zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch, how many eye widths is the face? | 5 eye widths
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| From inner corner of the eye to inner corner is approx how many eye widths? | 1 eye width
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| From outer corner of the eye to zygomatic arch is how many eye widths? | 1 eye width
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| The width of the nose is approx how many eye widths? | 1 eye width
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| The mouth from corner to corner is how many eye widths? | Approx 2 eye widths
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| Name the supplemental equalities | Hairline to the Base of the Nose is 2/3
Base of the Nose to the Base of the Chin is 2/3
Tip of the nose to the ear passage is 2/3
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| Name the 3 basic profiles | Convex, Concave, Vertical
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| Most common profile; the forehead recedes from the eyebrow and the chin recedes from the upper lip | Convex Profile
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| The forehead doesn't recede and the chin doesn't recede; more like a straight line | Vertical Profile
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| Least common profile; the forehead protrudes and the chin protrudes as well | Concave Profile
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| Name the 6 variations on the 3 basic profiles | Convex-Concave
Concave-Convex
Vertical-Convex
Vertical-Concave
Concave-Vertical
Convex-Vertical
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| The most common face shape | Oval
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| The "Infantine" face | Round
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| The "Strong" face | Square
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| The least common face shape | Triangular
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| Name the 7 face shapes | Oval, Round, Square, Oblong, Triangular, Inverted Triangle, Diamond
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| Name the two types of photographs | Professional & Candid
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| Which profile view is the most preferred for restorative art? | 3/4 view
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| Area/surface of the face lying at a right angle to the source of illumination and reflects the maximum amount of light | Highlight
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| Surfaces that do not lie at right angles to the source of illumination or are obscured by other surfaces | Shadow
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| Source of illumination is from above and anterior to the head; **Best source of light | Normal/Natural Lighting
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| Like a spotlight, the light can be directed from any direction | Direct Lighting
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| Least desirable lighting that can come from flashbulbs and gives the face a 2D effect | Flat Lighting
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| Comparison of the 2 sides of the face or the 2 sides of a feature to observe and note the similarities and differences | Bilateral View
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