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IB BIOLOGY REVIEW
Unit Cell Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nucleus | -holds genetic material (chromatin, chromosomes) -mRNA formed here -phospholipid envelope with pores |
| Nucleolus | -rRNA -ribosome sythesis |
| Ribosomes | -protein synthesis |
| SMOOTH Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) | -no ribosomes -transport |
| ROUGH Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) | -with ribosomes -transport and pack proteins created from attached ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | -PACKING FOR EXPORT -E.R. products (proteins and lipids) are modified, stored, and repacked into vesicles |
| Endomembrane System | - E.R. (smooth and rough) -gogli apparatus -lysosomes -vacuoles |
| Lysosomes | -"LYS SLICE" -sack of hydrolytic enzymes(digestive) -phagocytosis(ingests and destroys foreign material) |
| Vacuoles | -STORAGE -membrane-bound sacs -in protists:contractile (pump excess water) -in animal cells: small and many of them (for water, waste, and soluable pigments) |
| Mitochondrion | -cellular respiration (ENERGY) -made of phospholipid - cristae(foldings)/matrix (liquid) -*CONTAINS OWN DNA* |
| Chloroplast | -Photosyntesis (PLANT ENERGY) -Grana: green -Stroma:clear area |
| Cell Wall | -protective layer external to the plasma membrane -plants: cellulose -fungus:chitin |
| Intercellular Junctions (PLANTS) | -PLASMODESMA: small channels in cell wall that allows water and solute passages in plants |
| Intercellular Junctions (ANIMALS) | -tight junctions:fusion of neighboring cells/prevents leakage -Desmosomes:Anchoring junction -Gap Function:communication-passage of materials |
| Centrosomes | -region near nucleus that contains centrioles -ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS |
| Centrioles | -a structure composed of cyliners of microtubes involved in cell division -ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS |
| Cilia/Flagella | -MOTION -locomotive appendages made of microtubles |
| Peroxisomes | -"PEROX DETOX" - transfers hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen production hydrogen proxide then degrades it to water |
| the Cytoskeleton | -a fiborous network for support and cell mobility -made of:microtubles and microfiliments |
| Microtubles | -thickest -tubulin protein -SHAPE, SUPPORT, TRANSPORT, CHROMOSOME MOVEMENT, CELL MOBILITY |
| Microfiliments | -thinest -actin protein -CAUSE CELL CONTRACTION |
| Prokaryotic Cells | -bacteria and achea -SIMPLE CELL ORGANISMS -unicellular - *NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES* |
| Eukaryotic Cells | -all other forms of life besides prokaryotic -COMPLEX -PART OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS |
| Cell parts within Prokaryotic Cells | -cell wall -plasma membrane -mesosome -cytoplasm -ribosomes -naked DNA -slime capsule(protein coat) - |
| Mesosome (P.C.) | -site of respiration (ENERGY) |
| Cytoplasm | -site of metabolic activities |
| Naked DNA (P.C.) | -store of genetic material -no |
| Slime Capsule (P.C.) | -protects cell against chemicals and drying out |
| Viruses | -NONLIVING -cannot carry out life processes without a host cell -virus particles called VIRIONS |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | -relative surface area decreases as the 'organism' gets bigger -as organism increases in size its surface area to volume ratio decreases |
| 1 mm equals... | 1,000 micrometre um) |
| molecules (relative size) | 1 nm |
| membrane thickness (r.a.) | 10 nm |
| Viruses (r.a.) | 100 nm |
| Bacteria (r.a.) | 1 um |
| Organelles (r.a.) | up to 10 um |
| cells (r.a.) | up to 100 um |
| magnification calculation | -measure the scale part on the photopgrah with mm -converto to same unites as the scale bar -divide this number by the number on the scale bar |
| Light Microscope | -advantages:resolving power - color images -examine living materials and movement |
| TEM | -Transmission electron microscope -INTERNAL STRUCTURE (ultra structure) |
| SEM | -scanning electron microscope -SURFACE FEATURES |
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