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NSEE1
Cellular Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Primary elements of life. | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. |
| Chemicals that don't contain carbon. | Inorganic compounds |
| Chemicals that contain carbon. | Organic compounds |
| Another name for carbohydrates. | Saccharides |
| Composition of carbohydrates. 3 examples. | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugars, starches, cellulose. |
| Some functions of carbohydrates. | Roles in energy metabolism and storage, structural support for cells and organisms. |
| Composition of lipids. | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| What is the difference in oxygen content between lipids and carbohydrates and what is it's significance? | Lipids have much lower oxygen content and are less oxidized, thus storing more energy and providing a longer-term energy source. Your body first uses carbs for energy and if it gets too many carbs, they are stored as fatty acids= high cholesterol. |
| Provide cells with the ability to carry out functions in order to grow, reproduce, and survive. | Proteins. |
| Short-term energy source. | Carbohydrates. |
| Catalysts for all biochemical reactions. How? | Enzymes lower activation energy. |
| Informational molecules. | Nucleic acids. |
| An organism's chromosomal set. | Genome |
| Molecule that traps chemical energy used for most active cell activities. | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| Molecule in first step of making ATP. | Glucose |
| Linked series of biochemical reactions that have a common purpose. | Metabolic pathway |
| First biochemical pathway in capture of energy from sugar to make ATP. | Glycolysis/ glycolytic pathway |
| Glycolysis in an anaerobic environment. Biproduct? | Fermentation. NADH back to NAD+ for more ATP production. Ethanol or lactic acid as by-products. |
| More efficient form of energy production in which glucose is fully combusted. | Aerobic respiration. |
| One pathway in oxidative metabolism that produces CO2. | Krebs Cycle |
| Converts energy held by high-energy carriers into a more useful form that results in ATP production. | Electron Transport |
| Source of energy for all of earth's organisms. Steps. | Photosynthesis. CO2 and energy from the sun produces glucose, burned in mitochondria to make ATP, which drives processes and produces essential molecules. |
| Self-feeders. | Autotrophs |
| Green tissue in the interior of leaves. | Mesophyl |
| Pores in leaf surface. | Stomata |
| Fluid within inner membrane of chlorplasts. | Stroma. |
| Basic outline of information flow in living organisms. 4 Principles. | Central Dogma. 1. DNA contains genes. 2. DNA is replicated from existing DNA. 3.Transcription (reading of DNA to make RNA). 4.Translation. |
| Building blocks of DNA and 4 types. | Nucleotides. Adenine, guanine,thymine, and cytosine. |
| Changes in sequence of a gene. | Mutation. |
| 3 differences between DNA and RNA. | RNA has ribose backbone. DNA has deoxyribose backbone. RNA has uracil rather than thymine. RNA is usually single stranded. |
| 3 types of RNA. | mRNA (encodes gene messages), rRNA (structure of ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis), tRNA (role in protein synthesis) |
| 2 types of cells | Prokaryotic (unicellular organisms such as bacteria and cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic (multicellular organisms and protists) |
| Liquid inside a cell. | Cytoplasm. |
| Membrane-bound structures within a cell with specific functions isolated in separate compartments. | Organelles. |
| Encloses the cell and regulates the passage of materials into and out of cell (= what?)? | Plasma membrane and selective permeability. |
| Area of DNA in prokaryotic cells. | Nucleoid region. |
| 6 parts of a bacteria. | Cell wall, cell membrane, DNA in nucleoid region, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and sometimes flagellum. |
| Site of transcription. | Nucleus. |
| What happens to genetic material when the cell divides. | RNA is spliced and the DNA genome is replicated. |
| Surrounds nucleus. | Nuclear membrane/envelope. |
| Dense structure within the nucleus in which rRNA synthesis occurs. | Nucleolus. |
| Package DNA and regulate access to genes. This is condensed into what? | Chromatin (DNA packaged with histone proteins). Chromosomes. |
| The highest level of structure in the genome. | Chromosomes. |
| Sites of protein production. 2 types. | Ribosomes. Free and round. |
| Involved in lipid synthesis and the detox of drugs and poisons. | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Involved in protein synthesis and transport of proteins in cell, especially those to be excreted by cell. | Rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Resieves vesicles from ER, modifies proteins, repackages, and ships. | Golgi Apparatus. |
| Process by which secretory vesicles release their contents to the cell's exterior. | Exocytosis. |
| Involved in intracellular digestion and recycling. | Lysosomes. |
| Specialized containers for metabolic reactions. 2 most common types. | Microbodies. Peroxisomes (break down fat for fuel, detox alcohol) and glyoxysomes (convert fat into sugars in fat tissue of germinating seedlings) |
| Membrane-enclosed sacs within the cell. | Vacuoles. |
| Storage place for organic compounds and inorganic ions in plants. | Tonoplast (large central vacuole). |
| Pump excess water out of freshwater protists. | Contractile vacuoles. |
| Sites of aerobic respiration and suppliers of energy. Why unusual? | Mitochondria. Semiautonomous. |
| Site where photosynthesis transpires. Like what in animal? | Chloroplasts. Like mitochondria. |
| Layers and spaces of mitochondria. | Outer membrane (with lots of pores), intermembrane space, inner membrane (with cristae and high protein content), and mitochondrial matrix (ATP production). |
| Help cells with support, shape, and functions. Composed of what (5)? | Cytoskeleton, composed of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate fibers, and protein chains and rods. |
| Hollow rods of polymerized tubulin proteins that provide support and a framework for organelle movement. | Microtubules. |
| Two specialized structures used in cell motility. | Cilia and Flagella. |
| Solid rods composed of actin subunits that support cell movement and support. | Microfilaments. |
| Diffusion of water from a region of lower solute cc to a region of higher solute cc. | Osmosis |
| Cytoplasm has lower solute cc than extracellular medium, the medium is... | Hypertonic |
| Cytoplasm has higher solute cc than extracellular medium, the medium is... | Hypotonic |
| Solute concentrates are equal inside and outside the cell, the medium is... | Isotonic |
| The net movement of dissolved particles across cc gradients, from a region of higher cc to a region of lower cc. If it doesn't require proteins/energy, it is___. Doesn't require energy, does require proteins___. Requires energy and proteins___. | Diffusion. Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. |
| Net movement of dissolved particles against their cc gradient. What most common forms of energy drive it? | Active transport driven by ATP or a cc gradient of another molecule. |
| Three types of transport proteins. | Uniport (carry single soluteacross the membrane), symport (translocate two different solutes simultaneously in the same direction), and antiport proteins (exchange two solutes by transporting one into the cell and the other out of the cell). |
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