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med micro 22 ch14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Disease- causing microorganisms | |
| disease. | An abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions (loss of homeostasis); any change from a state of health. |
| infection | The growth of microorganisms in the body |
| pathology | The scientific study of disease. |
| normal microbiota | Microorganisms that establish permanent colonies inside or on the body without producing disease |
| transient microbiota | (1) are microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear. (2) are the microorganisms that are present in an animal for a short time without causing a disease. |
| microbial antagonism | involves competition among microbes. |
| commensalism | A symbiotic relationship in which two organisms live in association and one is benefited while the other is neither benefited nor harmed. |
| mutualism | A type of symbiosis in which both organisms or populations are benefited. |
| parasitism | A symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) exploits another (the host) without providing any benefit in return. |
| opportunistic pathogen | A microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain (special) circumstances. |
| Koch’s postulates | criteria for establishing that specific microbes cause specific diseases. |
| Koch’s postulates requirement 1 | The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease |
| Koch’s postulates requirement 2 | The pathogen must be isolated in pure culture |
| Koch’s postulates requirement 3 | The pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal |
| Koch’s postulates requirement 4 | The pathogen must be reisolated from the inoculated laboratory animal. |
| Symptoms | A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease. |
| signs | A change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure. |
| syndrome | A specific group of signs or symptoms that accnmpany a disease. |
| Communicable disease | Any disease that can be spread from one host to another. |
| noncommunicable disease | A disease that is not transmitted from one person to another. |
| Incidence | Number of people contracting the disease. |
| prevalence | Number of cases at a particular time |
| Disease occurrence is reported by ... | Incidence and prevalence |
| i. Sporadic disease | occurs occasionally (typhoid fever in the U.S.) |
| ii. Endemic disease: | constantly present in a population (common cold) |
| iii. Epidemic disease: | many cases in a given area in short period (influenza) |
| iv. Pandemic disease | a world wide epidemic (influenza occasionally, AIDS might be considered pandemic) |
| i. Acute disease: | develops rapidly but lasts a short time (influenza) |
| ii. Chronic disease: | develops more slowly, reactions to the disease are less severe, likely to be continual or recurrent for long periods (infectious mononucleosis, TB, hepatitis B) |
| iii. Subacute disease: | A disease with symptoms that are intermediate between acute and chronic (sclerosing panencephalitis) |
| i. Latent disease: | the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms (shingles) |
| f. Herd immunity | the presence of immunity to a disease in most of the population. |
| i. Local infection | An infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body. |
| i. Systemic (generalized) infection | An infection throughout the body. |
| ii. Focal infection | A systemic infection that began as an infection in one place. |
| i. Sepsis | The presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue. |
| ii. Septicemia: | The proliferation of pathogens in the blood, accompanied by fever; sometimes causes organ damage. |
| i. Bacteremia: | A condition in which there are bacteria in the blood |
| ii. Toxemia | The presence of toxins in the blood. |
| iii. Viremia | The presence of viruses in the blood. |
| i. Primary infection | An acute infection that causes the initial illness. |
| ii. Secondary infection | An infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infect ion has weakened the host's defenses. |
| iii. Sublclinical infection | An infection that does not cause a noticeable illness; also called inapparent infection |
| What is a predisposing factor? | one that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease. b. Examples include gender, climate, age, fatigue, and inadequate nutrition. |
| a1. Incubation period | The time interval between the actual infection and first appearance of any signs or symptoms of disease. |
| a2. Prodromal period | The time following the incubation period when the first symptoms of illness appear. |
| b. Period of illness | the disease is at its height, and all disease signs and symptoms are apparent. i. Death may occur during the period |
| c. Period of decline | the signs and symptoms subside. |
| d. Period of convalescence | The recovery period. The body returns to its prediseased state, and health is restored. |
| reservoir of infection | a. A continual source of infection is called a reservoir of infection. |
| b. Human reservoirs of infection: | i. People who have a disease. ii. People who are carriers of pathogenic microorganisms. |
| c. Zoonoses | diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans |
| f. Nonliving reservoirs | soil (fungi, C. botulinum, C.; tetani), water (V. cholerae, S. typhi, protozoans, algae) and improperly prepared or stored foods (trichinosis and salmonellosis). |
| a. Direct contact transmission | A method of spreading infection from one host to another through some kind of close association between the hosts. |
| a. Indirect contact transmission | The spread of pathogens by fomites (nonliving objects). |
| a. Droplet transmission | The transmission of infection by small liquid droplets carrying microorganisms. |
| waterborne transmission | pathogens are usually spread by _____ contaminated with untreated or poorly treated sewage. Diseases transmitted via this route include cholera, _____borne shigellosis, and leptospirosis. |
| foodborne transmission | pathogens are generally transmitted in ____s that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions. Foodborne pathogens cause diseases such as _____ poisoning and tapeworm infestation. |
| airborne transmission | refers to the spread of agents of infection by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host. |
| a. Mechanical transmission | The process by which arthropods transmit infections by carrying pathogens on their feet and other body parts. |
| a. Biological transmission | The transmission of a pathogen from one host to another when the pathogen reproduces in the vector. |
| a. Nosocomial infection | An infection that develops during the course of a hospital stay and was not present at the time the patient was admitted. |
| b. Nosocomial infections result from the interaction of several factors | (1) microorganisms in the hospital environment, (2) the compromised (or weakened) status of the host, and (3) the chain of transmission in the hospital. |
| a. Compromised host | A host whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns. |
| b. Two principal conditions can compromise the host | broken skin or mucous membranes, and a suppressed immune system. |
| 20. How can nosocomial infections be controlled? | by using aseptic techniques, handling contaminated materials carefully, insisting on frequent and thorough hand-washing, educating staff members about basic infection control measures, and using isolation rooms and wards. |
| a. Emerging infectious disease | are ones that are new or changing, showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or a potential to increase in the near future. |
| factors contributing to the emergence of new infectious diseases | New strains, evolution of existing microorganisms, widespread unwarranted use of antibiotics, Global warming and changes in weather patterns, modern transportation, ecological changes, animal control measures, Failures in public health measures. |
| a. Epidemiology | The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted. |
| b. Descriptive epidemiology | entails collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study. Relevant information usually includes information abou t the affected individuals and the place and period in which the disease occurred. (retrospective) |
| c. Analytical epidemiology | analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause. |
| d. Experimental epidemiology | begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease; experiments to test the hypothesis are then conducted with a group of people. |
| What is the function of the CDC | monitors diseases and viruses that are happening all over the country and helps organize treatments. publishes the Morbidity and Morllllity Wukly Report to provide information on morbidity (incidence) and mortality (deaths). |
| a. Morbidity | (I) The incidence of a specific disease. (2) The condition of being diseased. |
| b. Mortality | The number of deaths from a specific notifiable disease. |
| c. Notifiable infectious diseases | A disease that physicians must report to the U.S. Public Health Service; also called reportable disease. |
Created by:
xsavier1
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