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lvn level 2 q1
Stack #50823
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| Failure of the body function normally | disease |
| is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host | Pathogen |
| a disease caused by a pathogen or its toxin | Infection |
| An object (living or non living) that transfer a pathogen or its toxin that carry from host to host. | Vector |
| organisms that normally and harmoniously live in or on the human body | Normal flora |
| organisms that require a living host in which to survive | Parasites |
| the routes by which pathogens enter the body | portals of entry |
| a hospital-acquired infection | Nosocomial |
| a dye used to identify different kinds of bacteria | Gram Stain |
| an animal disease that is transmissible to humans | zoonisis |
| the routes by which pathogens leave the body | portals of exit |
| coccus, bacillus, curved rod | Bacteria |
| acts as a parasite to the infected cell | Virus |
| mycotic infections | Fungi |
| plantlike organisms such as mushrooms | Fungi |
| single-cell, animal-like microbes | Protozoa |
| chlamydia and rickettsia | Bacteria |
| from the Latin meaning poison | Virus |
| amebas, ciliates, flagellates, sporozoa | Protozoa |
| diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus | Bacteria |
| consists of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell | Virus |
| yeasts and molds | Fungi |
| arrangement: pairs, chains, bunches of grapes | Bacteria |
| vibrio, spirillum, spirochete | Bacteria |
| helminths | Worms |
| ectoparasites | Artrhorpods |
| ascarides, trichinae, flukes | Worms |
| animals with jointed legs, including insects and ticks | Worms |
| ringworms | Infection by a fungus not a worm. |
| How is the spread or transmission of the pathogens work? | from person-to-person, environment-to¬person, and tiny anirnal-to-person |
| Are all bacteri pathogenic? | Yes, all bacteria are pathogenic |
| Mycotic infection is caused by what? | fungus |
| Infection by Candida albicans is caused by what? | Fungus |
| the smallest of the infectious agents and are fragments of either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell. | Virus |
| Amebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa are | Protozoa |
| An anthelmintic exerts its thera peutic effects against what? | Worms |
| Most worm infestations are transmitted by (through) | the fecal-oral route. |
| These arthropods live on the surface of the body and cause itching and discomfort, but are not life-threatening. | ectoparasites |
| What are the characteristic of pinworms? | fecal-oral route, perianal pruritus, live and mature within the intes tines of the infested child. |
| what is anaerobe | Anaerobe is microorganism that grows best in adeep puncture wound.(can be alive w/o oxygen). |
| what are the characteristic of candida albicans? | mycotic infection, is a member of the normal flora of the mouth, digestive tract, and vagina, is involved in opportunistic infections. |
| A disease producing organism is | Pathogen |
| What organisms normally and harmoniusly live in or onthe human body? | Normal flora |
| Cocci, bacili and curved rodss are clsssified as? | Bacteria. |
| What is the function of spore? | Makes a bacterium heat-resistant and difficult to kill. |
| What is water within blood vessel? | Plasma |
| includes cerebrospinal fluid, the aqueous and vitreous humors in the eye, synovial fluids of joints, serous fluids within body cavities, and glandular secretions | Transcellular fluid |
| most water (about 63%) is located in this compartment. | intracellular |
| water located between the cells | Interstitial extracellular |
| hypervolemia refers to an increase in this water compartment | plasma |
| Fluid compartment is found within the blood vessels. | Plasma. |
| compartment that includes the fluid located within the digestive tract (as in gastric juice). | Transcellular fluid. |
| compartment that incIudes interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and trans cellular fluid | extracellular. |
| the largest extracellular fluid compartment | Iterstitial fluid |
| compartment contains fluid located between the cells. | Iterstitial fluid |
| What are the content of extracellular fluid ? | High concentretion of Na+, Cl- and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions. |
| What are the content of Intracellular fluid? | High concentration of K+, PO43-,MG2+ ions. |
| Which compartment contains more protein. | Plasma extracellular portion contains more protein than any ather extracellular fluids. |
| Water balance intake=output details? | Fr., met 10%, fr. food 30%, fr. liq. 60% (1500ml) to a ttl= 2500 and out: trough GI 12%, lungs and skin 28%, kidney 60% (1500ml) = 2500ml. |
| what is ion and give an X? | An element that carries an electrical charge such as Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+ MG2+. |
| What is cation and give and X? | A positively charge ion such AS Na+, K+ and Ca2+. |
| What is anion and Give an X? | Is a negatively charge ions ie. Cl-, and HCO3-(bicarbonate). |
| What is electrolite? | Substance that form ions when they dissolve in water such as Nacl(salt). Nacl----Na+ + cl-. |
| Which part of the body is the primary regulator of water output? | Kidney thru the action of antidiuretic hormone.(ADH) on the collecting duct. |
| What is ionization? | The chemical reaction caused when a salt splits into two ions. |
| What is the chief extreacellular ions? | Na+ about 90% of the positively chrge ions in the extracellular fluid. |
| What are the function of Na+? | For nerve impulse conduction and help maintain balance of body fluid. |
| What is the chief intracellular cation? | K+ |
| What are the most importants ions? | Na+,K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3- |
| What is the primary substance regulating K+ concentration? | Aldosterone by stimulating the distal tubule to excrete potassium. |
| What is the primary regulator of plasma levels of calcium? | Parathyroid hormone. |
| What are the function of Mg2+ | To function heart, muscles, and nerves. |
| What is the chief extracellular anion? | Cl- |
| What is the function of HCO3 in the body? | It is an important anion in acid base balance. |
| What is plasma level for Na+ | 136-145 mEq/l |
| What is plasma level for K+ | 3.5- 5 mEq/l |
| What is the plasma level for Ca2+ | 4.5 - 5.8 mEq/l |
| What is plasma level for Mg2+? | 1.5 -2.5 mEq/l |
| What is plasma level for Cl-? | 95 - 108 mEq/l? |
| What is the plasma level for HCO3-? | 22 -26 mEq/l |
| What is the plasma level for PO43-? | 2.5 - 4.5 mEq/l |
| When is the sizure may occured | If the plasma levels of H+ decreases , the neurons become more excitable and the person may experience a sizure. |
| When is comatese may happen? | When the plasma H+ increases , however, neuronal activity decreases, and the person may become Comatose. |
| What is buffer? | Is a chemical substance that prevent large changes in ph. |
| What are the most important buffers? | Bicarbonate buffer, posphate buffer, hb, plasma protein. |
| What is the name of < normal K in the blood | Hypokalemia |
| What is most apt to happen if the renal reabsprbtion of Na+ is decreased? | Diuresis |
| What is the buffer that minimizes changed in the blood? | pH |
| Explain the correlation between water content and fat content among individuals. | Fat contains relatively little water. The female has proportionately more body fat than the male, which means the female has less body fluid than the male. The more obese an individual, the smaller is the percentage of body water. |
| What is the difference between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments | The intracellular fluid compartment contains the fluid inside the cells of the body. The extracellular fluid compartment contains any fluid outside the cells. This compartment includes interstitial and intravascular fluids. |
| Describe the difference-heiween passive and active transport in cells | In passive transport processes, no cellular energy is required to move substances from a high concentration to a low concentration. In active transport processes, cellular energy is required to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentrat |
| How are diffusion and filtration similar? How are they different? | Both diffusion and filtration are passive transport processes. Diffusion is the movement of particles in all directions through a solution or gas, whereas filtration is the transfer of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to an a |
| What are the sign and symptoms of hyponatremia | Headache, muscle weakness, twitching, tremors, fatique, apathy, postural,hypotension,nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. |
| List the six causes of hyperkalemia | Excessive use of salt substitutes, potassium supplements, medications such as beta blockers, potassium-sparing diuretics, use of chemotherapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and aminoglycosides |
| What is the normal blood levei of calcium and where is most of it concentrate'd in the body? | Normal blood level of calcium is approximately 4.5 mEq/L. Of the 1200 g of calcium in the body, 99% is concentrated in the bones and teeth |
| What is the correlation between the amount of magnesium and the amount of potassium excreted? | Because the kidneys do not conserve potassium, if a magnesium deficiency develops, the body will conserve magnesium at the expense of excreting potassium |
| Name the two general types of disturbances that can cause a pH imbalance | One imbalance adds or subtracts the base substance--bicarbonate. The other imbalance adds or subtracts the acid balance--carbonic acid. |
| Name the two general types of disturbances that can cause a pH imbalance. | One imbalance adds or subtracts the base substance--bicarbonate. The other imbalance adds or subtracts the acid balance--carbonic acid. |
| How do the kidneys cope with a pH imbalance? | They can excrete varying amounts of acids or bases. If the acidity of the blood rises above normal, the kidneys will selectively eliminate more acids (hydrogen ions). If the blood becomes too alkaline, the kidneys will selectively eliminate more bases (bi |
| Clostidium titany | Potentially lethal pathogen that cause tetanus |
| Diphteria | An accute and highly contagious childhood disease that generally affect the membrane of the throat and less frequently the nose caused by the bacillus. |
| What is acid Fast Bacillus? | Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) are rod shaped bacteria that can be seen and counted under the microscope on a specially stained sample on a glass slide, called an AFB smear. The most common acid-fast bacilli are members of the genus Mycobacterium. |
| Why AFB used? | AFB smears and cultures are used to determine whether you have an active M. tuberculosis infection. |
| Sensitivity test | A sensitivity test checks to see what kind of medicine, such as an antibiotic, will work best to treat the illness or infection |
| Culture | A culture is done to find out what kind of organism (usually a bacteria) is causing an illness or infection by growing a pathogen in a cultured medium. |
| Fomite | Contaminated equipment x. Stetoscope or siringe. |
| Arthropod | A clss of tiny animal that have jointed legs. |
Created by:
Marianib
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