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Acquistapace -Lec IV
Tortora chapters 12-15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plasmogamy | A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-) |
| Karyogamy | The (+) and (_) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus |
| Meiosis | The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants |
| What is unique about the nutritional requirements of fungi? | Grow better with low pH (5); molds are aerobic while yeasts are facultative anaerobes; resistant to osmotic pressure; can grow with low moisture content, use less nitrogen, can metabolize complex carbohydrates |
| Zygomycota | have coencytic hyphae; Rhizopus stolonifer or common black bread mold; asexual spores are sporangeospores; sexual spores are zygospores. |
| Ascomycota | sac fungi include molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts; Microsporum or ringworm; asexual spores - conidia; sexual spores - ascospores; saclike structure - ascus |
| Basidiomycota | club fungi; septate hyphae; includes mushrooms |
| systemic mycoses | fungal infection deep within the body that affects tissues and organs; usually caused by fungi that live in soil; histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis |
| Subcutaneous Mycoses | Fungal infections beneath the skin; soil and vetetation fungi |
| Cutaneous Mycoses | fungal infections of skin, hair or nails; fungi have keratinase |
| Superficial mycoses | fungal infections localized along hair shafts and in surface skin cells |
| Describe the thallus of a lichen | Consists of medulla (fungal hyphae surrounding algal cells), rhizines (fungal hyphae that anchor the lichen to its habitat), and a cortex (also made of fungal hyphae forming a protective covering) |
| Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning | Caused my dinoflagellates which secrete saxitoxins; the dinoglagellates are eaten by mollusks which are eaten by humans |
| Ciguatera | Dinoglagellate: Gambierdiscus toxicus; causes the endemic death of large fish |
| What is the difference between the protozoan cyst and trophozoite stages? | The cyst stage aids survival in harsh environments and can contribute to a protozoans ability to survive excretion; trophozoite stage involves nourishment and growth |
| How to protozoans obtain food? | aerobic heterotrophs; some are photosynthetic; digestion takes place in vacuoles and waste is secreted from anal pore |
| Archaezoa | have mitosomes; spindle shaped with flagella projecting from the front end; Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia |
| What is a medically relevent amoebozoa? | Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dystentery |
| What species carries malaria? | Anopheles mosquito |
| Life cycle of malaria carried out in human | 1)mosquito deposits sporozoites into bloodstream 2)sporozoites travel to liver and undergo schizogony producing mirozoites 3)Mirozoites released many infect new RBCs 4)Mirozoite develops into ring stage inside RBC are replicated and released; gametocytes |
| Life cycle of malaria within mosquito | Mosquito bites infected human and ingests gametocytes 2)gametocytes come together forming zygote in mosquitos digestive tract 3)new sporozoites are produced and travel to salivary glands |
| At which life cycle stage is fever/chills experienced in malaria? | Release of merozoites |
| hemoflagellates | blood parasites; euglenoids; Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: african sleeping sickness |
| List two classes of the phylum Platyhelminthes | Flatworms; Trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms) |
| Paragonimus westermani | Lung fluke; contracted by humans who eat undercooked crayfish |
| What is the life cycle of the lung fluke? | Hermaphroditic adult fluke; eggs released into water; miracidium enters snail; redia; cercaria enters crayfish; metacercaria |
| Taenia saginata | cestodes; beef tapeworms; human difinitive host; cyst form exists in meat of cattle: cysticerci |
| Taenia solium | cestodes; pork tapeworms; human difinitive host; larval helminth encysts in pig's muscles; mostly passed human to human |
| For which species of helminths are humans the difinitive host? | Taenia saginata (beef) and Taenia solium (pork) |
| For which species of helninths are humans the intermediate host? | Echinococcus granulosus (dog tape worm) |
| Echinococcus granulosus | Cestode; dog tape worm; humans intermediate host; eggs hatch in the human's small intestine, and the larvae migrate to liver or lungs; develops into a hydatid cyst; diagnosis made by autopsy or x-ray |
| Nematodes | roundworms; complex digestive system; males are smaller than females |
| Trematodes | flukes; oral suckers |
| Cestodes | tapeworms; lack digestive system; have scolex and proglottids |
| Enterobius vermicularis | pinworm; spend entire life in humans; adults found in the large intestine; females deposit eggs on the perianal skin; diagnosed by Graham sticky-tape method; eggs infect humans |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | large nematode; adult lives in small intestines of humans; feeds on semidigested food; eggs excreted and can live in soil; eggs infect humans |
| Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale | hookworms; nematodes; larvae infect humans; live in small intestine; enter host by penetrting host's skin (usually feet) travel to lungs where it can be coughed and swallowed to end up in small intestine |
| Dirofilaria immitus | nematode; heartworms; infect mostly dogs and cats, transmitted by mosquito |
| What are three criteria for classifying viruses? | 1)nucleic acid type 2)replication strategy 3)morphology |
| What are the suffixes for viral genus names, family names and order names? | -virus, -viridae, -ales |
| What is the Cytopathic effect? | Cell deterioration caused by viral infections; refers to the growth of viruses on an animal cell culture in the lab, used to detect viral growth |
| List common DNA viruses | Parvoviridae ssDNA, Herpesviridae dsDNA, Papovaviridae dsDNA, Poxviridae dsDNA, Hepadnaviridae (reverse transcriptase) |
| List common RNA viruses | Picornaviridae (+), Rhabdoviridae (-), Reoviridae dsRNA, Retroviridae (reverse transcriptase) |
| Parvoviridae | ssDNA; parvo |
| Herpesviridae | dsDNA; herpes viruses such as HHV-1 and HHV-2 (coldsores), HHV-3 (chickenpox) |
| Papovaviridae | dsDNA; warts |
| Poxviridae | dsDNA; smallpox and cowpox |
| Hepadnaviridae | DNA with reverse transcriptase; Hepatitis B; synthesize DNA by copying RNA |
| Picornaviridae | RNA +strand; polio, smallest virus |
| Togaviridae | RNA +strand, arthropod borne, enveloped |
| Rhabdoviridae | RNA -strand; rabies virus |
| Reoviridae | RNA dsRNA; Respiratory enteric and orphan viruses |
| Retroviridae | RNA; HIV uses viral RNA and reverse transcriptase to produce DNA and degrade original RNA; viral DNA is inserted into host's chromosome - "provirus" |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed |
| List Koch's postulates | 1)same pathogen present in every case of the disease 2)pathogen isolated from diseased host, grown in pure culture 3)pathogen from pure culture must cause same disease in healthy animal 4)pathogen isolated from inoculated animal and compared to original |
| List periods of disease | incubation, prodromal, period of illness, period of decline, convalescence |
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