Question 1

What is chemiosmosis?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis is the process of harvesting energy in an electrochemical gradient to drive an endergonic process.  This occurs during the aerobic production of ATP (ADP+Pi)

Question 2

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=
glucose
ATP

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=
hexokinase (glukokinase)
Product(s)=
glucose-6-phosphate
ADP
H+
Result
Charged phosphate group at the C6 end of the sugar molecule

Question 3

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=
glucose-6-phosphate

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=phosphoglucose isomerase
Product(s)=fructose-6-phosphate
Result=opens up a new site for the addition of a second phosphate

Question 4

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=
fructose-6-phosphate
ATP

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=phosphofructokinase
Product(s)=fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
ADP
H+
Result=Phosphate groups are found at either end of the sugar.  These groups repel each other, putting stress on the bond between C3 and C4

Question 5

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=aldolase
Product(s)=dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Result=Molecule is split into two halves

Question 6

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=
dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=triose phosphate isomerase
Product(s)=glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Result=2 molecules of same compound made, can use same enzymes to process both halves of the sugar molecule.
Result=

Question 7

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
NAD+
Pi

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=G-3-P dehydrogenase
Product(s)=1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
NADH + H+
Result=The add of a second phosphate group to each C3 compound creates a very high energy molecule. This is accomplished using inorganic phosphate, and produces reduced coenzyme.

Question 8

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
ADP

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=phosphoglycerate kinase
Product(s)=3-phosphoglycerate
ATP
Result=A phosphate is harvested to make ATP

Question 9

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=3-phosphoglycerate

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=phosphoglycerate mutase
Product(s)=2-phosphoglycerate
Result=The remaining phosphate group is moved to the middle of the molecule.

Question 10

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=2-phosphoglycerate

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=enolase
Product(s)=phosphoenolpyruvate
H2O
Result=Creation of an enol phosphate creates a high energy compound.

Question 11

Reactions of Glycolysis-
Substrate(s)=phosphoenolpyruvate
ADP
H+

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=pyruvate kinase
Product(s)=pyruvate
ATP
Result=The remaining phosphate is harvested to make ATP

Question 12

Know the reactions of fermentation.

Accepted Answer

it keeps glycolysis running in the absence of oxygen. 
REVERSIBLE PROCESS/it hides the pyruvate so that glycolysis will not shut down in the presence of too much pyruvate.NADH+ H+ drops off its 2 hydrogen onto pyruvate to make lactate.

Question 13

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate= pyruvate (C3)
NAD+/CoASH/

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=pyruvate decarboxylase complex
Acyl-Intermediates=
Product=acetyl-CoA (C2)
NADH + H+
CO2

Question 14

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=oxaloacetate (C4)
acetyl-CoA (C2)

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=citrate synthase
Acyl-Intermediates=S-citryl-CoA
Product=citrate (C6)
CoASH

Question 15

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=citrate (C6)

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=aconitase
Acyl-Intermediates=cis-aconitate
Product=isocitrate (C6)

Question 16

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=isocitrate (C6)
NAD+

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=isocitrate dehydrogenase
Acyl-Intermediates=oxalosuccinate
Product=alpha-ketoglutarate (C5)
NADH + H+
CO2

Question 17

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=alpha-ketoglutarate (C5)
NAD+
CoASH

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Acyl-Intermediates=
Product=succinyl-CoA (C4)
NADH + H+
CO2

Question 18

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=succinyl-CoA (C4)
GDP
Pi
H2O

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=succinyl-CoA synthetase
Acyl-Intermediates=
Product=succinate (C4)
CoASH
GTP

Question 19

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=succinate (C4)
FAD

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=succinyl dehydrogenase
Acyl-Intermediates=
Product=fumarate (C4)
FADH2

Question 20

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=fumarate (C4)
H2O

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=fumarase
Acyl-Intermediates=
Product=malate (C4)

Question 21

Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle-
Substrate=malate (C4)
NAD+

Accepted Answer

Enzyme=malate dehydrogenase
Acyl-Intermediates=
Product=oxaloacetate (C4)
NADH + H+

Question 22

Describe the 3 phase structure of glycolysis.

Accepted Answer

1.	Priming the system (investing ATP)
2.	Splitting the 6C sugar into the 2 3C compounds
3.	Harvesting the energy invested

Question 23

Describe the 3 phase structure of the Kreb's cycle.

Accepted Answer

1.Transition rxn - 2 C from pyruvate are bonded to coenzyme A to be transferred into Krebs cycle proper. One co2 per pyruvate is formed.
2.Decarboxylation rxns-6C compound formed and 2 more CO2 per pyruvate formed to generate 4 C compound.

Question 24

CONT'D-Describe the 3 phase structure of the Kreb's cycle.

Accepted Answer

3.Regeneration of oxaloacetate - 4C compound backbone rearranged to reform oxaloacetate

Question 25

Describe the result of glycolysis

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis makes 2 ATPs, 2 NADH+H+ (which can go to make 4 or 6 ATPs depending on how it is harvested, or which pump it uses).  It also makes the pyruvate that fuels the KREB cycle.

Question 26

Describe the result of Kreb's cycle.

Accepted Answer

KREB cycle makes 2 GTP (Which equals 2 ATP), 8 NADH+H+ (Which will make 24 ATP in the third pump), and 2 FDH2 which will make 4 ATP (uses the 2 pump so times 2).

Question 27

Describe the overall results of Glycolysis and Kreb's cycle.

Accepted Answer

all together, 36-38 ATPs are produced and 6CO2

Question 28

What is the advantage of fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation can hide the pyruvate in absence of Oxygen (which is needed to oxidize the pyruvate into CO2 in the KREB cycle) so that glycolysis will not be shut done from an excess of Pyruvate build up.

Question 29

How are fats used for energy?

Accepted Answer

Through Beta Oxidation

Question 30

Where does most of the ATP produced from glucose oxidation come from?

Accepted Answer

From the 8 NADH +H+ that are produced from the Kreb Cycle.  These go into the mitochondrial membrane and produce 3 ATP per NAD+H+ which totals 24 ATP.  This occurs in the Electron Transport Chain followed by Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Question 31

Describe electron transport and ATP synthesis using chemiosmosis.

Accepted Answer

The energy from the ETC drives the p+ to innermembrane space causing a buildup of H+ ions. These ions repel against one another as well as developing a chemical gradient with the Matrix side.  This will drive the p+ across the membrane back into the

Question 32

CONT'D-Describe electron transport and ATP synthesis using chemiosmosis.

Accepted Answer

the matrix through an ATP SYNTHETASE TRANSPORT CHANNEL. This channel is an open pore so p+ move through the ATP synthetase. The energy released as p+ move from an area of high concen. to an area of low concen. is used to bond Pi to ADP forming ATP.

Question 33

What is the function of reduced coenzymes?

Accepted Answer

to carry chemical groups between enzymes.
these molecules are substrates for enzymes and do not form a permanent part of the enzyme's structure.

Question 34

What is the structure of the mitochondrion?  How does its form fit its function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria are very small organelles/has two membranes.outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it. The inner membrane folds over many times (cristae). That folding increases the surface area inside the organelle. Many of the chemical reactions

Question 35

CONT'D-What is the structure of the mitochondrion?  How does its form fit its function?

Accepted Answer

happen on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The increased surface area allows the small organelle to do as much work as possible. The fluid inside of the mitochondria is called the matrix.

Question 36

Compare the structure of a mitochondrion to the structure of a gram-negative bacterium.

Accepted Answer

CELL WALL OF GRAM NEG=OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEM.
PLASMA MEM. OF GRAM NEG=INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEM.
CYTOPLASM OF GRAM NEG=MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRION 
BOTH REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION,HAVE CIRC.CHROMOSOMES,
MITOCH.GENE STRUCTURE IS SIMILAR TO GRAM NEG GENE ST

Question 37

.  Where do the processes of glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis occur in the mitochondrion?  In a bacterium?

Accepted Answer

glycolysis occurrs in the Cytosol 
Krebs cycle-in the matrix of the Mit.In bacteria-in the Cytosol (bacteria no mit.).ETC & ATP synthesis-inside the intermembrane of the mit. Bact. cells have mols that are similar to the ETC/ mols are found in cell mem.

Question 38

How is energy stored during the oxidation of glucose?

Accepted Answer

During the Oxidation of glucose, energy is stored as ATP, NADH+H+, GTP and FADH2

Question 39

How is energy harvested from food?

Accepted Answer

by fermentation and cellular respiration
Digestion breaks food down to nutrient molecules. Nutrient molecules then move to all the cells in the body. The process of cellular respiration releases all the energy stored in these molecules.

Question 40

Why spend so much time studying glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle?

Accepted Answer

GLYCOLYSIS AND K.C. FORM CENTRAL METABOLIC PATH.ALL RXNS IN THE CELL ARE INTERCONNECTED W/ THIS CENTRAL PATH, ALLOWING FOR METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF GLYC. AND K.C TO BE USED BY OTHER PATHWAYS FOR CONVERSION TO FATS, CARBS,A.A. NUCLEOTIDES

Question 41

Why is glucose oxidation referred to as the central biochemical pathway?

Accepted Answer

because this pathway is almost universal across all living organisms= all proteins or enzymes which are involved in catalysis are very similar across all organisms. is one of the ancient metabolic paths in living cells.it is the first path studied

Question 42

What are the advantages to the way that glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle are arranged?

Accepted Answer

END PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS (PRIMARILY PYRUVATE AND NADH +H+) ARE CLEARED BY PUTTING THEM INTO THE K.C-PYRUVATE USED DIRECTLY IN KREBS=KEEPS GLYCOLYSIS FLOWING SINCE PYRUVATE FEEDS BK ON EARLIER RxNS AND SHUTS THEM DOWN and NAD+ IS IN LIMITED QUANTITIES.

Question 43

Why is the NADH produced in glycolysis worth 2-3 ATP, while the NADH produced in the Kreb's cycle worth 3 ATP?

Accepted Answer

NADH+H+ occurs outside of the mit. so ATP’s it is worth is dependent on how its shuttled across the membrane.  
If the e- acceptor is FAD, the reduced coenzyme formed is FADH2=  2 ATP.If it is NAD+, the reduced coenzyme formed=NADH+H+ =3 ATP’s  made.

Question 44

We have previously looked at equations that showed the effects of concentration on free energy changes in a chemical reaction.  What effect does electrical charge have on free energy changes during ATP synthesis?

Accepted Answer

FREE ENERGY CHANGE= SUM OF FREE ENERGY CHANGE FROM THE CONCEN.GRADIENT OF P+ AND THE CONCEN. GRADIENT OF CHARGE.  THE CONCEN.GRADIENT OF P+ ALREADY MAKES THE TRANSPORT FROM INTERMEMBRANE SPACE TO MATRIX FAVORABLE.  THE CHARGE GRADIENT ACCENTUATES THIS.

Central Metabolic Pa

Central Metabolic Pathway Review

Question	Answer
What is chemiosmosis?	Chemiosmosis is the process of harvesting energy in an electrochemical gradient to drive an endergonic process. This occurs during the aerobic production of ATP (ADP+Pi)
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)= glucose ATP	Enzyme= hexokinase (glukokinase) Product(s)= glucose-6-phosphate ADP H+ Result Charged phosphate group at the C6 end of the sugar molecule
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)= glucose-6-phosphate	Enzyme=phosphoglucose isomerase Product(s)=fructose-6-phosphate Result=opens up a new site for the addition of a second phosphate
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)= fructose-6-phosphate ATP	Enzyme=phosphofructokinase Product(s)=fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ADP H+ Result=Phosphate groups are found at either end of the sugar. These groups repel each other, putting stress on the bond between C3 and C4
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)= fructose-1,6-bisphosphate	Enzyme=aldolase Product(s)=dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Result=Molecule is split into two halves
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)= dihydroxyacetone phosphate	Enzyme=triose phosphate isomerase Product(s)=glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Result=2 molecules of same compound made, can use same enzymes to process both halves of the sugar molecule. Result=
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)= glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate NAD+ Pi	Enzyme=G-3-P dehydrogenase Product(s)=1,3-bisphosphoglycerate NADH + H+ Result=The add of a second phosphate group to each C3 compound creates a very high energy molecule. This is accomplished using inorganic phosphate, and produces reduced coenzyme.
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)=1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP	Enzyme=phosphoglycerate kinase Product(s)=3-phosphoglycerate ATP Result=A phosphate is harvested to make ATP
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)=3-phosphoglycerate	Enzyme=phosphoglycerate mutase Product(s)=2-phosphoglycerate Result=The remaining phosphate group is moved to the middle of the molecule.
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)=2-phosphoglycerate	Enzyme=enolase Product(s)=phosphoenolpyruvate H2O Result=Creation of an enol phosphate creates a high energy compound.
Reactions of Glycolysis- Substrate(s)=phosphoenolpyruvate ADP H+	Enzyme=pyruvate kinase Product(s)=pyruvate ATP Result=The remaining phosphate is harvested to make ATP
Know the reactions of fermentation.	it keeps glycolysis running in the absence of oxygen. REVERSIBLE PROCESS/it hides the pyruvate so that glycolysis will not shut down in the presence of too much pyruvate.NADH+ H+ drops off its 2 hydrogen onto pyruvate to make lactate.
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate= pyruvate (C3) NAD+/CoASH/	Enzyme=pyruvate decarboxylase complex Acyl-Intermediates= Product=acetyl-CoA (C2) NADH + H+ CO2
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=oxaloacetate (C4) acetyl-CoA (C2)	Enzyme=citrate synthase Acyl-Intermediates=S-citryl-CoA Product=citrate (C6) CoASH
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=citrate (C6)	Enzyme=aconitase Acyl-Intermediates=cis-aconitate Product=isocitrate (C6)
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=isocitrate (C6) NAD+	Enzyme=isocitrate dehydrogenase Acyl-Intermediates=oxalosuccinate Product=alpha-ketoglutarate (C5) NADH + H+ CO2
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=alpha-ketoglutarate (C5) NAD+ CoASH	Enzyme=alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Acyl-Intermediates= Product=succinyl-CoA (C4) NADH + H+ CO2
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=succinyl-CoA (C4) GDP Pi H2O	Enzyme=succinyl-CoA synthetase Acyl-Intermediates= Product=succinate (C4) CoASH GTP
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=succinate (C4) FAD	Enzyme=succinyl dehydrogenase Acyl-Intermediates= Product=fumarate (C4) FADH2
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=fumarate (C4) H2O	Enzyme=fumarase Acyl-Intermediates= Product=malate (C4)
Know the reactions of Kreb Cycle- Substrate=malate (C4) NAD+	Enzyme=malate dehydrogenase Acyl-Intermediates= Product=oxaloacetate (C4) NADH + H+
Describe the 3 phase structure of glycolysis.	1. Priming the system (investing ATP) 2. Splitting the 6C sugar into the 2 3C compounds 3. Harvesting the energy invested
Describe the 3 phase structure of the Kreb's cycle.	1.Transition rxn - 2 C from pyruvate are bonded to coenzyme A to be transferred into Krebs cycle proper. One co2 per pyruvate is formed. 2.Decarboxylation rxns-6C compound formed and 2 more CO2 per pyruvate formed to generate 4 C compound.
CONT'D-Describe the 3 phase structure of the Kreb's cycle.	3.Regeneration of oxaloacetate - 4C compound backbone rearranged to reform oxaloacetate
Describe the result of glycolysis	Glycolysis makes 2 ATPs, 2 NADH+H+ (which can go to make 4 or 6 ATPs depending on how it is harvested, or which pump it uses). It also makes the pyruvate that fuels the KREB cycle.
Describe the result of Kreb's cycle.	KREB cycle makes 2 GTP (Which equals 2 ATP), 8 NADH+H+ (Which will make 24 ATP in the third pump), and 2 FDH2 which will make 4 ATP (uses the 2 pump so times 2).
Describe the overall results of Glycolysis and Kreb's cycle.	all together, 36-38 ATPs are produced and 6CO2
What is the advantage of fermentation?	Fermentation can hide the pyruvate in absence of Oxygen (which is needed to oxidize the pyruvate into CO2 in the KREB cycle) so that glycolysis will not be shut done from an excess of Pyruvate build up.
How are fats used for energy?	Through Beta Oxidation
Where does most of the ATP produced from glucose oxidation come from?	From the 8 NADH +H+ that are produced from the Kreb Cycle. These go into the mitochondrial membrane and produce 3 ATP per NAD+H+ which totals 24 ATP. This occurs in the Electron Transport Chain followed by Oxidative Phosphorylation.
Describe electron transport and ATP synthesis using chemiosmosis.	The energy from the ETC drives the p+ to innermembrane space causing a buildup of H+ ions. These ions repel against one another as well as developing a chemical gradient with the Matrix side. This will drive the p+ across the membrane back into the
CONT'D-Describe electron transport and ATP synthesis using chemiosmosis.	the matrix through an ATP SYNTHETASE TRANSPORT CHANNEL. This channel is an open pore so p+ move through the ATP synthetase. The energy released as p+ move from an area of high concen. to an area of low concen. is used to bond Pi to ADP forming ATP.
What is the function of reduced coenzymes?	to carry chemical groups between enzymes. these molecules are substrates for enzymes and do not form a permanent part of the enzyme's structure.
What is the structure of the mitochondrion? How does its form fit its function?	Mitochondria are very small organelles/has two membranes.outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it. The inner membrane folds over many times (cristae). That folding increases the surface area inside the organelle. Many of the chemical reactions
CONT'D-What is the structure of the mitochondrion? How does its form fit its function?	happen on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The increased surface area allows the small organelle to do as much work as possible. The fluid inside of the mitochondria is called the matrix.
Compare the structure of a mitochondrion to the structure of a gram-negative bacterium.	CELL WALL OF GRAM NEG=OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEM. PLASMA MEM. OF GRAM NEG=INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEM. CYTOPLASM OF GRAM NEG=MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRION BOTH REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION,HAVE CIRC.CHROMOSOMES, MITOCH.GENE STRUCTURE IS SIMILAR TO GRAM NEG GENE ST
. Where do the processes of glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis occur in the mitochondrion? In a bacterium?	glycolysis occurrs in the Cytosol Krebs cycle-in the matrix of the Mit.In bacteria-in the Cytosol (bacteria no mit.).ETC & ATP synthesis-inside the intermembrane of the mit. Bact. cells have mols that are similar to the ETC/ mols are found in cell mem.
How is energy stored during the oxidation of glucose?	During the Oxidation of glucose, energy is stored as ATP, NADH+H+, GTP and FADH2
How is energy harvested from food?	by fermentation and cellular respiration Digestion breaks food down to nutrient molecules. Nutrient molecules then move to all the cells in the body. The process of cellular respiration releases all the energy stored in these molecules.
Why spend so much time studying glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle?	GLYCOLYSIS AND K.C. FORM CENTRAL METABOLIC PATH.ALL RXNS IN THE CELL ARE INTERCONNECTED W/ THIS CENTRAL PATH, ALLOWING FOR METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF GLYC. AND K.C TO BE USED BY OTHER PATHWAYS FOR CONVERSION TO FATS, CARBS,A.A. NUCLEOTIDES
Why is glucose oxidation referred to as the central biochemical pathway?	because this pathway is almost universal across all living organisms= all proteins or enzymes which are involved in catalysis are very similar across all organisms. is one of the ancient metabolic paths in living cells.it is the first path studied
What are the advantages to the way that glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle are arranged?	END PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS (PRIMARILY PYRUVATE AND NADH +H+) ARE CLEARED BY PUTTING THEM INTO THE K.C-PYRUVATE USED DIRECTLY IN KREBS=KEEPS GLYCOLYSIS FLOWING SINCE PYRUVATE FEEDS BK ON EARLIER RxNS AND SHUTS THEM DOWN and NAD+ IS IN LIMITED QUANTITIES.
Why is the NADH produced in glycolysis worth 2-3 ATP, while the NADH produced in the Kreb's cycle worth 3 ATP?	NADH+H+ occurs outside of the mit. so ATP’s it is worth is dependent on how its shuttled across the membrane. If the e- acceptor is FAD, the reduced coenzyme formed is FADH2= 2 ATP.If it is NAD+, the reduced coenzyme formed=NADH+H+ =3 ATP’s made.
We have previously looked at equations that showed the effects of concentration on free energy changes in a chemical reaction. What effect does electrical charge have on free energy changes during ATP synthesis?	FREE ENERGY CHANGE= SUM OF FREE ENERGY CHANGE FROM THE CONCEN.GRADIENT OF P+ AND THE CONCEN. GRADIENT OF CHARGE. THE CONCEN.GRADIENT OF P+ ALREADY MAKES THE TRANSPORT FROM INTERMEMBRANE SPACE TO MATRIX FAVORABLE. THE CHARGE GRADIENT ACCENTUATES THIS.

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