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ENERGY REVIEW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? How do they apply to biological systems? | first law-Conservation of Energy;Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another. Energy comes from light, food, chem rxn. Mitochondria doesn't "make" energy, they simply convert it to a form that is more usable. |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? How do they apply to biological systems? | 2ndlaw-describes the flow of energy in nature in processes which are irreversible;w/o constant input of energy, a system will tend towards entropy-The body is an isolated physical system/uses equil. to drive rxns like ETC Chem gradient, pass. trans. etc |
| Describe the flow of energy on earth. | Energy passes from the sun to the producer to the primary consumer to secondary consumer.(sun= ultimate source of energy for planet-glucose interconverted into other organic mols.some energy stored in bonds of organic mols/some lost as heat/waste |
| Why is the energy level from one trophic level to another never 100% efficient? | When an organism is consumed by another, the organic molecules of the consumed are interconverted to make the organic molecules of the consumer. =some energy is lost as heat and some energy shed as waste. |
| How do living organisms get energy? | Through the making and breaking of bonds, (primarily glucose as a source), and from consuming the stored energy in molecules between the different trophic levels. |
| What are the advantages to having biochemical reactions organized into coordinated metabolic pathways? | 1.energy is released in sm increments/can be more efficiently captured &used than if released in lg increments. 2.energetically unfavorable rxns can be driven by linking them to energetically favorable rxns. 3.The concen. of end product can be used to |
| cont'd- What are the advantages to having biochemical reactions organized into coordinated metabolic pathways? | regulate the activity of the enzymes driving the previous steps in the pathway. 4. Intermediates from one biochemical pathway can be used in another biochemical pathway. |
| How is coupling reactions together important? | Coupled reactions are frequently used in the body to drive important biochemical processes. when free energy released by one reaction drives another |
| How can you change the direction in which a reaction is proceeding? | Increase the concentration of Reactant A Decrease the concentration of Reactant B Increase the temperature or pressure of the reaction. Change the system, change the concentration. |
| What is free energy? Why is it important? What can it tell us about biochemical reactions? | a. the energy available to do work b. It drives biological reactions c. It tells us which way the reaction will favor and whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic. |
| How does concentration of products and reactants affect free energy? | The concentration will determine the direction of energy exchange between the system and the environment. ΔG= Change in free energy= G (products) - G(reactants) - ΔG= favorable/ + ΔG unfavorable |
| What are enzymes? How do they work, in general? | Enzymes are biological catalysts. In general, they lower the activation energy of a reaction and ultimately cause the reaction to require less input of energy to make the products. |
| Describe the enzyme cycle. | Enzyme encounters substrate/ binds to the enzyme in the active site. enzyme places substrate proper orientation for rxn to occur. Enzyme=releases product. If product attach to active site=the enzyme will not be able to bind w substrate=slow down rxn |
| What is metabolism? | METABOLISM IS THE SUM OF ALL RXN IN THE BODY |
| Why is ATP important to metabolism? | 1.ATP REQ AS ENERGY SOURCE FOR MAINT. Na/K ion bal=sets up mem pot. 2.ATP SERVES AS P SOURCE FOR ADD OF P GROUPS THAT REG. THE ACTIVITY OF PROTEINS. 3.ATP IS REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS W/IN THE CELL, MUSCLE CONTRACT & NERVE impulse trans |
| CONT'D-Why is ATP important to metabolism? | 4.It is the primary energy storage molecule in all living cells. The energy is stored in the P bonds which are easily broken through hydrolysis. 5.It also takes ATP to begin glycolysis. |
| Explain why energy is stored when macromolecules are made, and released when they are hydrolysed. | When bonds are made, potential energy is formed; when bonds are broken, energy is released. |
| Describe the energy changes that take place during a chemical reaction. | exothermic (the giving off/ loss of energy) endothermic (the gaining of energy) |
| Describe the energy changes that take place during a chemical reaction in the presence of a catalyst. | a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself; Can slow a reaction or speed up a reaction. |
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