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2nd Quarter ES
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| carbonate | a salt or compound of carbonic acid |
| cleavage | the natural splitting of certain rocks, or minerals such as slates, or micas along the planes of weakness |
| color | a way of identifying minerals but is the least reliable because the same mineral may have many different possible colors |
| crystal shapes | geometric structures and patterns formed by atoms |
| feldspar | a mineral that is number 6 on mohs hardness scale, has a light color, and has two-direction cleavage |
| ferromagnesian silicate | minerals with iron and/or magnesium in their structure |
| fracture | jagged edges and curving surfaces formed by tightly bonded atoms |
| hardness | how easy it is to scratch a mineral |
| luster | how light reflects from a surface |
| mica | a mineral with a hardness of 2-3, has a white streak, and has one plane of cleavage |
| mineralogy | the study of minerals |
| pyroxene | a mineral with a harness of 5-6.5,has a dark color, and a cleavage with two planes that meet at nearly 90-degree angle |
| specific gravity | the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some other substance for comparison |
| streak | the color of a mineral's powder |
| clastic | pertaining to rock or rocks composed of fragments or particles of older rocks or previously existing solid matter |
| contact matamorphism | the re-crystalization of rocks |
| felsic | a light streak |
| fossils | any trace, mark, or remains of an organism that lived in the past (at least 10,000 years old) |
| igneous | a type of rock formed when magma cools and hardens |
| mafic | a dark streak containing iron |
| magma | melted rock below the earth's surface that melts rock which cools to form minerals |
| metamorphic | a type of rock formed when change occurs from heat and pressure in the earth |
| organic | pertaining to or containing living organisms |
| plutonic | pertaining to a class of igneous rocks |
| porphyry | a very hard rock |
| regional metamorphism | metamorphism resulting from the pressure of tectonic plates compacting large areas of the earth's crust |
| rock | naturally occuring substances containing a mixture of minerals |
| sedimentary | a type of rock formed when weathering and erosion cause sediments to press together in layers; fossils are usually preserved in this type of rock |
| stratification | the act of forming or placing layers of sedimentary rock |
| texture | the visual and tactile quality of a surface |
| uniformitarianism | pertaining to the thesis that past ideas are not different from ours today |
| volcanic | pertaining to a volcano |
| mohs hardness scale | 1. Talc 2. Gypsum 3. Calcite 4. Fluorite 5. Apatite 6. Feldspar 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum 10. Diamond |
| relative dating | a method that looks at where a fossil is located to determine its age by comparing it to other fossil; this works only if the area has been undisturbed |
| absolute dating | a method that uses radioactive elements near the fossils to determin tha actual age of the fossils |
| plate tectonics | a theory in which the lithosphere is divided into crustal plates |
| plates | large blocks or sections of the lithosphere that reacts to tectonic forces |
| fault | a fracture in overlaying lithosphere |
| convergent plate boundary | a boundary where two plates are moving toward each other |
| divergent plate boundary | a boundary where two plates are moving away from each other |
| sliding | when two plates move along beside each other |
| magma | molten rock beneath the earth's surface |
| lava | molten rock issuing from a volcano |
| Pangaea | the landmass that exsisted when all continents were joined |
| epicenter | the center of an earthquake |
| subduction | the collision of crustal plates in which one slips under the other |
| seismograph | an instrument for measuring the vibrations of earthquakes |
| Richter scale | a scale indicating the amount of energy released from an earthquake |
| physical weathering | the breakdown of rock involving atmospheric conditions |
| chemical weathering | the breakdown of rock involving atmospheric chemicals |
| erosion | the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, gravity, etc. |
| tephra | solid matter ejected during a volcanic eruption (three types: ash, lapilli, and bombs) |
| pluton | any body of igneous rock that has been solidified far below the earth's surface |
| volcanic neck | the solidified lava or igneous rock filling a tube-like passage leading either to a vent of an extinct volcano or to a laccolith |
| volcanic dike | a sheet-like body of magma that cuts through and across the layering of rocks (also called a dyke) |
| sill | a body of intrusive igneous rock, expanding between beds of sedimentary rocks or layers of volcano ejecta |
| laccolith | a mass of igneous rock intruded between layers of sedimentary rock, resulting in uplift |
| batholith | a large body of igneous rock that has been solidified deep within the earth |
| stock | a irregular igneous intrusion, usually branching from a batholith |
| lapilli | small stony particles ejected from a volcano (a type of tephra) |
| bombs | rough spherical or ellipsoidal masses of lava, ejected from a volcano and hardened while falling (a type of tephra) |
| hot spot | an area of magma above and within the lithosphere |
| caldera | a large basin resulting from explosion of collapse of a volcano |
| rift eruption | when magma erupts through long cracks in lithosphere |
| subduction boundary eruption | a volcanic eruption that occurs at a subducting plate boundary |
| shield cone | a type of cone mainly buildt up of fluid lava flows |
| cinder cone | a type of cone created when magma erupts out of the volcano and falls to the ground in glassy pieces |
| magma gas | gasses that are given off from the magma containing lots of different particles |
| ppyroclastic flow | a fast moving current of extremely hot gas |
| aa lava flow | jagged, rubbly lava flow |
| pahoehoe flow | smooth, ropy lava flow |
| Eldfell | volcano on an island off the coast of Iceland that erupted on January 23, 1973 |
| Mount Saint Helens | volcano that erupted in Washington on May 18, 1980 |
| Kilauea | youngest volcano on Big Island of Hawaii that has had uninterupted eruption since 1983 |
| Pompeii | partially buried Roman town near Naples, Italy that was destroyed after eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD |
| Olympic Mons | a volcano of Mars, thought to have erupted 40 million years ago |
| Craters of the Moon | a volcanic field between Arco and Carey, Idaho consisting of many volcanic features with eight eruptive periods from 15,000 to 2,000 years ago |
| Yellowstone Caldera | a volcanic caldera located in Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming |
| Hawaii | has three active volcanoes (one is underwater) and was made by volcanoes |
| Mount Pinatubo | a volcano that erupted June 15, 1991 on the island of Luzon in the Philippines that lasted 9 hours |
| mudflows - lahar | a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water |
| landslide | the downward falling or sliding of a mass of soil, debris, or rock on or from a steep slope |
| craters | a bowl-shaped depression formed by a meteor |
| plate friction | friction of plates rubbing against each other that causes earthquakes |
| elastic rebound theory | a theory that when energy ruptures, zones next to the fault rebounds elastically |
| Alaska 1964 | largest earthquake in North America, 2nd largest in world history |
| 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes | happened in Missouri and Kansas |
| San Andreas Fault | where the North American and Pacific plates meet |
| California's largest earthquake | in Fort Tejon, California on San Andreas Fault |
| tsunami | a large and destructive wave, caused by an underwater volcano or seaquake |
| strike-slip fault | break in the earth's crust where two blocks slip past each other |
| Mexico City earthquake | a subduction of Cocos Plate sliding under North America |
| pancaked building | when an earthquake causes a building to become unstable and fall down on itself |
| liquefacation | when an earthquake's shaking is so intense, soil looses strength and stiffness, causing it to behave like a liquid |
| Mercalli Scale | a scale indicating the intensity and severity of an earthquake's effects |
| P (Primary) Wave | a longitudinal earthquake wave that travels through the interior of the earth |
| S (Secondary) Wave | a transverse earthquake wave that travels through the interior of the earth |
| L (Love or Long) Wave | an earthquake wave that travels around the earth's surface |
| seismic zone | a region in which the rate of seismic activity remains fairly consistant |
| seismic movement | a quantity used by earthquake seismologists to measure the size of an earthquake |
| the shadow zone | an area in which an S-Wave is not detected due to it not being able to pass through the outer core of the earth due to it being liquid |
| the Moho (Mohorovicic discontinuity) | the boundary between the asthenoshpere and the lithosphere |
| seismologist | earth scientist, specialized in earth motion, who studies the genesis and propagation of seismis waves |
| time-travel earthquake graph | an undergroup graph used to portray and determine the distance an earthquake will travel |
| magnitude | the amount ofseismic evergy released and/or capable of release by an earthquake or other deep earth activity |
| United States Risk of an Earthquake map | a map portraying areas of high seismic activity in known U.S. states |
| focus | the point of origin of an earthquake |
| seismogram | a record made by a seismograph |
| how to locate an epicenter | |
| triangulation | a technique for establishing the distance between any two points |
| types of seismographs | short-period, pendulums in long period, and broad-band |
| seismograph stations in Idaho | |
| seismic waves | shock waves in solid rock generated by earthquakes |
| time travel difference between P and S Waves | P Waves can travel almost twice as fast as S Waves |
| aftershock | a small earthquake or tremor that follows a major earthquake |
Created by:
rosearade
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