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Biology Chapter 4!
bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What types of food do WE eat? | carbohydrates, protiens, and lipids. |
| Explain the flow of energy. | food/photosynthesis/chmosynthesis = C6H12O6 (glucose) > ATP |
| Plants do not eat. What do they do instead? | Photosynthesis |
| Where is glucuse converted? What is it converted to? | Glucose is converted to ATP in the mitochondria. |
| What does ATP stand for? What are its two parts? | ATP stands for adenosine tri-phosphate. Is two parts are the adenosine, and the phosphate group. |
| To release energy, ATP | breaks off a phosphate and becomes ADP |
| What is ADP? | Adenosine di-phosphate |
| What is phtosynthesis? | Photosynthesis is theprocess by which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the for of carbohydrates (glucose). |
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? | Esun + CO2 + H2O > C6H12O6 (glucose) + oxygen |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts. |
| What are the parts of a chloroplast? | The stroma, the outr membrane, the nner membrane, the grana/granum, the thylkoid disk, and the thylakoid membrane. |
| What is grana? | Grana is a stack of granum, or a thylakoid disk. |
| What are the stages of photosynthesis? | The light reaction, and the dark reaction. |
| Where does the light reaction occur? | The light reaction occurs on the membrane of the thylakoid disks. |
| What are photosytem 2 and 1? | Photosystems 2 and 1 are clusters of pigment molecules including chlorophyll. |
| What occurs in photosystem 2 (part 1)? | The light reaction. First, light energy hits a chlorophyll inside of a thylakoid disk and excites an electron. The the excited electron splits a water molecule. The oxygen is released into the air and the Hydrogen+ builds up in the thylakoid disk. |
| What occurs in photosystem 2 (part 2)? | follows the concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane though ATP synthase (enzyme). The enzyme uses the energy from the moving Hydrogen ion to creat ATP (ADP+P). |
| Why is photosystem 2 called 2 even though it comes first? | Photosystem 2 was discovered second. |
| What occurs in photosystem 1? | Light energy hits a chlorophyll and excites an electron. The excited electron is combined with NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH+. |
| What is NADP+? | NADP+ is a carrier molecule similar to ADP. When combined with H+ and an electron, it becomes NAPDH+. |
| What is NADPH+? | NADPH+ is a high energy molecule similar to ATP that gives energy to create glucose. (Provides the hydrogen needed to create energy). |
| Where does the light reaction occur? | on membrane of the thylakoid. |
| What is the light reaction powered by? | Energy from light. |
| What does the light reaction use? | Water. |
| What does the light reaction make? | Oxygen (waste product). ATP (high energy molecule). NADPH+ (high energy carrier molecule). |
| What are two names for the dark reaction? | The Calvin Cycle and the light independent reaction. |
| Where does the dark reation occur? | Te dark reaction takes place in the Stroma. |
| What is the dark reaction trying to make? | C6H12O6 (glucose). |
| What does the dark reaction need? | Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms and energy. |
| Where do the carbon and oxygen atoms used in the dark reaction come from? | The carbon and oxygen atoms come from CO2 in the air. |
| Where do the hydrogen atoms used in the dark reaction come from? | NADPH+ supplies the H+ needed for the dark reaction. |
| Where does the energy used in the dark reaction come from? | The energy used in the dark reaction comes from ATP and also NADPH+ once is has released the H+ and becomes NADP+ (high energy molecule). |
| What is produced in the dark reaction? | Glucose. |
| What is cellular respiration? | Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert the chemical energy of glucose into the chemical enegy of ATP. |
| What are the two types of respiration? | Aerobic and anaerobic are the two types of cellular respiration. |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Aerobic respiration is cellular respiration that occurs using oxygen. |
| Where does aerobic respiration take place? | Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochodria. |
| What is the matrix? | The matrix is the semi-fluid substance inside the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria. |
| What is the chemical formula for aerobic respiration? | C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 (oxygen) > ATP + CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) |
| What are the stages of aerobic respiration? | Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC/ Phosphorylation). |
| Where does glycolysis occur? | Glcolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. |
| What does glycolysis do? | Glycolysis uses 2 ATPs to split a glucose. |
| What does glycolysis produce? | 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH. |
| What is another name for th Krebs cylce? | The Citric Acid Cycle. |
| Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | The matrix of the mitochondria. |
| What occurs in the krebs cycle (part 1)? | The pyruvate from glycolysis enter the matrix of the mitochondria.then a carbon is broken off and released into the air as CO2(Carbon dioxide). The two remaining carbons are now CoA (an enzyme). NADH is formed (goes to the ETC). CoA attaches to acetyl. |
| What occurs in the Krebs cycle (part 2)? | This becomes acetyl-CoA. The CoA drops off the acetyl and goes back to get the next acetyl. Then the acetyl is combined with a four carbon molecule, citric acid. Two carbons are broken off and released as CO2 (carbon dioxide) to form a high energy |
| What occurs in th Krebs cycle (part 3)? | molecule. This cycle occurs twice for every one time glycolysis occurs because two pyruvates are formed from the glucose. |
| What is produced in the Krebs Cycle? | 6CO2 (six carbon dioxide), 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2. |
| What is the Electron Transport Chain? | A series of protiens in the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
| What must the ETC have? | O2 (oxygen). |
| What are the three stages in the ETC? | Electron transport, Hydrogen Ion Movement, and ATP production. |
| What occurs in the electron transport? | NADH and FADH2 drop off H+ and electrons are freed as they go to carry new electrons. The electrons travel through a series of protiens in the inner mtochondrial membrane. |
| What occurs in the hydrogen ion movement? | The energy of the moving electrons pump H+ into the space between the two mitochondrial membranes. This builds up a huge concentration difference of H+. |
| What occurs in ATP production? | The H+ follows the concentration gradient and flows into th matrix through ATP synthase (because H+ is charged). This makes 32-34 ATP and A LOT of water! |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Anaerobic respiration does not require water. |
| What type of organisms do respiration? | Plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. |
| What are the stages of anaerobic respiration? | Glycolysis and fermentation. |
| What are the two types of fermentation? | Alchoholic fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation. |
| Where does fermentation occur? | Both types of fermentation occur in the cytoplasm. |
| What is the formula for alchoholic fermentation? | pyruvate + NADH > ethyl alchohol + CO2 |
| What organisms do alchoholic fermentation? | Yeast (CO2 makes bubbles and causes bread to rise. alchohol evaporates), yeast (makes beer - CO2 bubbles. can cause intoxication), and bacteria (makes wine a champagne). |
| What is the formula for lactic acid fermentation? | pyruvate + NADH > lactic acid |
| What organisms do lactic acid fermentation? | Humans and all animals; this occurs in muscle cells during excercise or any other time when the body cannot get oxygen to tissue fast enough. When lactic acid builds up, it causes cramps. |
| Why do fermentation? | Wihout lactic acid, pyruvate builds up and all of the NAD+ carriers become full and eventually glycolysis will stop. Fermentation occurs so cells can regenerate NAD+ needed to keep glycolysis going. |
| What organisms can survive on lactic acid fermentation? | Large multicellular organisms can only survive on lactic acid fermentation a few minutes because 2 ATP/ glucose isnt enough for a large body. However, unicellular organisms can survive their entire life off of two ATP/ glucose. |
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