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Ch. 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathology | The study of disease |
| Etiology | The study of a cause of a disease |
| Infection | The colonization of the body by pathogens |
| Disease | An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally |
| Normal Microbiota | Microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; normal flora |
| Transient Microbiota | Microorganisms present for days, weeks, or months |
| Microbial Antagonism | Or competitive exclusion is competition between microbes - Normal microbiota protect the host against colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes |
| Symbiosis | Three types: Mutualism (both organisms benefit), Commensalism (one organism benefits and the other is unaffected), and Parasitism (one organism benefits at the expense of the other) |
| Mutualism | A type of symbiosis --> both organisms benefit |
| Commensalism | A type of symbiosis --> one org benefits and the other is unaffected |
| Parasitism | A type of symbiosis --> one org benefits at the expense of the other |
| Opportunistic Pathogens | An organism that does not ordinarily cause disease in their normal environment, but may do so in a different environment. *E.coli - goes from mutualistic to opportunistic |
| Probiotics | Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert beneficial effect |
| Symptoms | Change in body function that is felt by patient as result of disease (subjective) |
| Sign | Change in body that can be measured or observed as result of disease (temperature) |
| Syndrome | Specific group of signs and symptoms which accompany disease |
| Communicable Infectious Disease | Disease that is spread from one host to another |
| Contagious Infectious Disease | Disease easily spread (this is Communicable too) |
| Noncommunicable Infectious Disease | Disease which cannot be transmitted from one host to another |
| Noncommunicable Infectious Disease | Disease which cannot be transmitted from one host to another |
| Incidence | Fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a specific time (spread of disease in a population) |
| Prevalence | Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time (how long it sticks around) |
| Sporadic Disease | Disease that occurs occasionally in populations |
| Endemic Disease | Disease constantly present in population |
| Epidemic Disease | Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time |
| Pandemic Disease | Worldwide epidemic (AIDs, SARS, plague, Spanish Influenza) |
| Herd Immunity | Immunity in most of population (less chance for disease to spread, basis for vaccines) |
| Acute Disease | Symptoms develop rapidly |
| Chronic Disease | Disease develops slowly |
| Subacute Disease | Symptoms between acute and chronic |
| Latent Disease | Disease with a period of no symptoms when causative again inactive |
| Local Infection | Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body |
| Systemic Infection | An infection through the body (harder to treat than local infection) |
| Focal Infection | Systemic infection that began as a local infection |
| Sepsis | Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection |
| Septicemia | Growth of bacteria in the blood |
| Toxemia | Toxins in the blood |
| Viremia | Viruses in the blood |
| Primary infection | Acute infection that causes the inital illness |
| Secondary infection | Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection |
| Predisposing Factor | Make the body more susceptible to disease |
| Predisposing Facter examples | Short urethra in females, inherited traits, fatigue, climate and weather, age, lifestyle, chemotherapy |
| Stages of a Disease | Incubation Period, Prodromal Period, Period of Illness, Period of Decline, Period of Convalescence |
| Incubation Period | No signs or symptoms |
| Prodromal Period | Mild signs or symptoms, like aches and malaise (Prodromal Period not in all disease) |
| Period of Illness | Most severe signs and symptoms |
| Period of Decline | Decreasing signs and symptoms |
| Period of Convalescence | Getting back to normal - prediseased state |
| Resevoir of Infection | A continual source of infection/disease |
| Types of reservoirs | Human (AIDS, gnorrhea), animal (rabies, lyme disease), nonliving (botulism, tetanus, water, soil) |
| For disease to occur there must be... | 1) Reservoir of Infection 2)Transmission of microbes from reservoir to host 3) Infection/colonization 4) Pathogenesis (the manner in which a disease develops) |
| Carrier | Organism (usually humans) which harbor pathogens and transmit them to others |
| Zoonosis | A disease that occurs primarily in wild and domestic animals but can be transmitted to humans |
| Contact Transmission | The spread of an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet contact |
| Direct Contact | Requires close association between infected and susceptible host |
| Indirect Contact | Spread through fomites (non-living organisms like tissues) |
| Droplet Contact | Transmission via airborne droplets |
| Vehicle Transmission | Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air) |
| Vector | An anthropod that carries disease-causing organisms from one host to another |
| Types of Contact Transmission | Direct, Indirect, and Droplet |
| Types of Vector Transmission | Mechanical and Biological Transmission |
| Mechanical Transmission | Anthropod carries pathogen on feet |
| Biological Transmission | Pathogen reproduces in vector |
| Nosocomical Infections | Result of microorganisms in hosptial, compromised host, and chain of transmission (interaction of all three factors) |
| Compromised Host | One whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns |
| Types of nosocomial infections | Urinary tract infection, surgical site infections, lower respiratory infections, cutaneous infections, IV catheterization |
| Emerging Infectious Diseases | Disease that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future |
| Emerging Infectious Disease contributing factors | 1. Genetic Recombination (E.coli, flu) 2. Evolution of new strains (cholerae) 3. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides (antibiotic-resistant strains) 4. Changes in weather patterns (Hantavirus) |
| Emerging Infectious Disease contributing factors 2 | Modern transportation (West Nile), Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement (Coccidioidomycosis), Animal control measures (Lyme disease), Public health failure (Diphtheria) |
| Epidemiology | The study of where and when diseases occur |
| Types of Epidemiology | Descriptive, Analytical, and Experimental Epidemiology |
| Descriptive Epidemiology | Collection and analysis of data (Snow = Descriptive Epidemiology) |
| Analytical Epidemiology | Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group (Nightingale = Analytical Epidemiology) |
| Experimental Epidemiolgy | Controlled experiments (Semmelweis = Experimental Epidemiology) |
| Case Reporting | Healthcare workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices |
| Nationally notifiable diseases | Physicians are required to report occurrence |
| Morbidity | Incidence of a specific notifiable disease |
| Mortality | Deaths from notifiable diseases |
Created by:
johns499
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