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Cardio Terminology
Cardiovascular Terminology Chapter 10 Med Term Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the cardiovascular system? | Pumps and transports blood throughout the body. |
| What does the cardiovascular system include? | The heart and a closed network of blood vessels. |
| What is the heart? | A muscular, cone shaped organ about the size of a person's fist. |
| Where is the heart located? | Behind the sternum and between the lungs. It consists of 4 chambers: the left/right atrias on top, and the right/left ventricles on bottom. |
| What is the tricuspid valve? | The right atrioventricular valve. |
| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | Between the left atrium and the left ventricle. |
| What is the mitral valve? | The bicuspid, or left atrioventricular valve. |
| Where is the mitral valve located? | Between the left atrium and the left ventricle. |
| What are the semilunar valves? | The pulmonary valve, and the aortic valve. |
| Where is the pulmonary valve located? | Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
| Where is the aortic valve located? | Between the aorta and the left ventricle. |
| What is the pericardium? | A two-layer sac consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer |
| What does the serous layer of the pericardium do? | It secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart. |
| What is the serous layer of the pericardium ALSO called? | The epicardium. |
| What does the epicardium do? | It covers the heart. |
| What is the myocardium? | The middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart. |
| What are blood vessels? | Tube-like structures that carry blood throughout the body. |
| What are arteries? | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
| What kind of blood do the arteries carry? | Oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary artery. |
| What does the pulmonary artery carry? | Deoxygenated blood and wastes from the heart to the lungs. |
| What are arterioles? | The smallest arteries |
| What is the aorta | The largest artery in the body |
| Where is the aorta located? | It originates at the left ventricle, and descends through the thorax and abdomen. |
| What are veins? | Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. |
| What do veins carry? | Deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein. |
| What does the pulmonary vein carry? | Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| What are venules? | The smalles veins. |
| What is the vena cava? | The largest veins in the body. |
| What does the superior vena cava do? | Returns blood from the upper body |
| What does the inferior vena cava do? | Carries blood to the heart from areas of the body below the diaphragm. |
| What are capillaries? | Microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules. Materials are passed between the blood and tissue through capillary walls. |
| What is the function of blood? | Maintain internal balance in the body; by transporting nutrients, protecting the body by way of certain immune cells, and by regulating body temperature, and maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance. |
| What is blood composed of? | Plasma and formed elements (cells). |
| What is plasma? | Clear, straw colored, liquid potrion of blood in which cells are suspended. |
| What percentage of plasma is water? | Approximately 90%. |
| How much of the total blood volume is plasma? | Approximately 55%. |
| What are erythrocytes? | Red blood cells that carry oxygen. |
| Where do erythrocytes develop? | In the bone marrow. |
| What are leukocytes? | White blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. |
| What do leukocytes include? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. |
| What are platelets? | Thrombocytes. One of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for the formation of clots. |
| What is serum? | Clear, watery fluid that remains after a clot has formed. |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | To return excessive tissue fluid to the blood, absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine for transport, and to provide defense against infection. |
| What is lymph? | Transparent, colorless tissue fluid that is called lymph AFTER it has entered the lymphatic system. Flows in a one way direction toward the heart. |
| What does lymph contain? | Lymphocytes and monocytes. |
| What are lymphatic vessels? | Vessels that transport lymph from tissues to the chest. Begin as capillaries throughout the body and merge to form larger tubes and eventually ducts in the chest, where they empty into the vena cava. |
| What are lymph nodes? | Small, spherical bodies of lymph tissue. They filter lymph and produce lymphocytes. |
| Where is the spleen located? | In the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm. |
| What is the spleen? | The largest lymph organ in adulthood, and is responsible for filtering the blood and destroying old blood cells. |
| What is the thymus gland. | One of the primary lymphatic organs. |
| Where is the thymus gland located? | Anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum. |
| What does the thymus gland do? | It plays an important role in the development of the immune system, particularlyfrom infancy to puberty. |
| Angi/o | Vessel (usually blood) |
| Aort/o | Aorta |
| Arteri/o | Artery |
| Atri/o | Atrium |
| Cardi/o | Heart |
| Lymphaden/o | Lymph node |
| Lymph/o | Lymph, lymph tissue |
| Myel/o | Bone marrow |
| Pleb/o | Veins |
| Ven/o | Veins |
| Plasm/o | Plasma |
| Splen/o | Spleen |
| Thym/o | Thymus gland |
| Valv/o | Valve |
| Valvul/o | Valve |
| Ventricul/o | Ventricle |
| Ather/o | Yellowish, fatty plaque |
| Ech/o | sound |
| Electr/o | electricity, electrical activity |
| Isch/o | deficiency, blockage |
| Thromb/o | clot |
| Brady | fast |
| Tachy | slow |
| -apheresis | removal |
| -graph | instrument used to record |
| -odynia | pain |
| -penia | abnormal reduction in number |
| -poiesis | formation |
| -sclerosis | hardening |
| Angioma | tumor composed of blood vessels |
| Angiostenosis | narrowing of the blood vessels |
| Aortic stenosis | narrowing of the aorta |
| Arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening of the fatty plaque on the artery walls |
| Bradycardia | slow heart rate |
| Cardiodynia | pain in the heart |
| Cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart |
| Cardiovalvulitis | inflammation of the valves of the heart |
| Endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart |
| Ischemia | deficiency of blood |
| Myocarditis | inflammation of the middle layer (muscle) of the heart |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart |
| Phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| Polyarteritis | inflammation of many sites in the arteries |
| Tachycardia | rapid heart rate |
| Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a clot |
| Hematoma | tumor of pooled blood resulting from a broken vessel |
| Multiple myeloma | tumors of the bone marrow |
| Pancytopenia | abnormal reduction of all blood cells |
| Thrombosis | abnormal condition of a blood clot |
| Thrombus | clot (attached to the interior wall of a blood vessel) |
| Lymphadenitis | inflammation of the lymph nodes |
| Lymphadenopathy | disease of the lymph nodes |
| Lymphoma | tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant) |
| Splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| Thymoma | tumor of the thymus gland |
| Acute coronary syndrome | sudden symptoms of insufficient blood to the heart |
| Aneurism | ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall |
| Angina pectoris | chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is insufficient blood to the heart |
| Arrhythmia | any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal pattern |
| Atrial fibrillation | a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria. The atria quivers instead of contracting. Reduces output of blood, and the blood left in the atria becomes static, increasing risks for clot and stroke |
| PAF | paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. intermittent |
| CAF | chronic atrial fibrillation. sustained |
| Cardiac arrest | sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation. requires CPR |
| Cardiac tamponade | acute compression of the heart caused by excess fluid in the pericardial space |
| Coarctation of the aorta | congenital condition of the narrowing of the aorta |
| Congenital heart disease | heart abnormality present at birth |
| Congestive heart failure | inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body |
| Coronary artery disease | CAD. condition that reduced blood flow through the coronary arteries and, as a result, weakens the myocardium. most often caused by coronary artheriosclerosis (heart failure) |
| Coronary occlusion | obstruction of the coronary arteries |
| Deep vein thrombosis | thrombus in a deep vein, usually in the legs. the clot can break off and travel, which could lead to a pulmonary embolism. |
| Hypertensive heart disease | HHD. disorder of the heart brought on by persistent high blood pressure |
| Intermittent claudication | pain and discomfort of calf muscles when walking. seen in occlusive artery disease. |
| Mitral valve stenosis | narrowing of the mitral valve from scaring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever |
| Myocardial infarction | death of a portion of the myocardium caused by a lack of oxygen due to interrupted blood supply (heart attack) |
| Peripheral artery disease | PAD. disease of arteries other than those of the heart and brain, affecting circulation. |
| Rheumatic heart disease | damage to the heart of valves caused by episodes of rheumatic fever |
| Varicose veins | distended or torturous veins usually found in lower extremities |
| Anemia | reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs |
| Embolus | blood clot or foreigh material that enters the blood stream and moves until it is lodged |
| Hemophilia | inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII |
| Leukemia | malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in WBC production in the bone marrow |
| Hodgkin disease | malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes |
| Infections mononucleosis | acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus. characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fever. |
| Angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel |
| Atherectomy | excision of fatty plaque |
| Endarterectomy | excision of plaque from within an artery. usually named for the artery in question |
| Pericardiocentesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the outer layer (pericardial sac) |
| Phlebectomy | excision of a vein |
| Phlebotomy | incision into a vein (to give or recieve blood, also called venipuncture) |
| Valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a valve (cardiac or venous) |
| Splenectomy | excision of the spleen |
| Splenopexy | surgical fixation of the spleen |
| Thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland |
| Aneurysmectomy | surgical excision of an aneurism |
| Atrial fibrillation ablation | a procedure where abnormal cells that cause A-fib are destroyed using radiofrequency energy |
| Cardiac pacemaker | battery-powered device implanted under the skin with leads placed on or inside the heart |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | surgical technique to bring new blood supply to the heart by bypassing blocked arteries |
| Coronary stent | supporting scaffold device implanted in the artery to prevent closure after angioplasty |
| Embolectomy | surgical removal of an embolus |
| Femoropopliteal bypass | surgery to establism an alternate route from the femoral to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction |
| Implantable cardiac defribrillator (ICD) | device implanted that constantly monitors heart rhythm and delivers a shock to correct life-threatening arrhythmias |
| Intracoronary thrombolytic therapy | injection of medication to dissolve blood clots in the coronary vessels |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | inflation of a balloon inserted into the artery to compress plaque |
| Bone marrow aspiration | aspiration of a sample of the liquid portion of bone marrow for study |
| Bone marrow biopsy | needle puncture to obtain a sample of bone marrow |
| Bone marrow transplant | infusion of normal bone marrow from a donoe to a recipient with leukemia or anemia |
| Angiography | radiographic imaging of blood vessels |
| Angioscope | instrument used for visual examination of the blood vessels |
| Angioscopy | visual examination of the blood vessels |
| Aortogram | radiographic image of the aorta |
| Arteriogram | radiographic image of an artery |
| Venogram | radiographic image of a vein |
| Venography | radiographic imaging of a vein |
| Echocardiogram (ECHO) | record of the heart using sound |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) | record of the electrical activity of the heart |
| Electrocardiograph | instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart |
| Electrocardiography | process of recording the electrical activity of the heart |
| Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | a process of digital radiographic imaging of blood vessels that removes structures not being studied. |
| Doppler ultrasound | a study that uses sound for detection of blood flow through vessels |
| Exercise stress test | a study that evaluates cardiac function during physical activity |
| Single-photon emission computed sonography (SPECT) | nuclear medicine scan that visualized the heart from several different angles that can be used to assess damage to cardiac tissue |
| Thallium test | thallium is injected through an IV and is absorbed by normal cardiac cells. Ischemia and infarction do not take up thallium, so these appear as "cold spots" |
| Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) | ultrasound test to examine cardiac function by an ultrasound probe in the espohagus |
| Cardiac catheterization | an eamination to determine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels |
| Impedance plethysmography (IPG) | measures venous flow of the extremities to detect clots by measuring pressure changes |
| Auscultation | hearing sounds within the body through a stethoscope |
| Blood pressure | pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls |
| Percussion | tapping of a body surface to determine the density of the part beneath |
| Pulse | the number of times in one minute that the heart beat is felt on an arterial wall |
| Sphygmomanometer | device used for measuring blood pressure |
| Stethoscope | instrument used to hear internal body sounds |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | blood test to measure C reactive protein which may indicate inflammation in the body |
| Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) | blood test for levels of creatine phosphokinase levels to evaluate patients with acute MI |
| Homocysteine | blood test to measure for elevated levels of homocysteine, which may indicate risk for cardiovascular disease |
| Lipid profile | blood test used to evaluate the risk for developing cardiovascular disease. results give levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides |
| Troponin | blood test used to detect troponin, which is released after an MI |
| Coagulation time | blood test to determine the time it takes for a clot to form |
| Complete blood count (CBC) and differential count (Diff) | basic blood screening that measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell number and morphology, leukocyte count, white blood cell differential (types found/number) and platelets |
| Hematocrit (HCT) | a blood test to measure the volume and number of red blood cells, used to diagnose and evaluate anemia |
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) | blood test to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components of red blood cells |
| Prothrombine time (PT) | blood test to determine coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients on Coumadin |
| Atrioventricular | pertaining to the atrium and ventricle |
| Cardiac | pertaining to the heart |
| Cardiogenic | originating in the heart |
| Cardiologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart |
| Cardiology | study of the heart |
| Hypothermia | condition of low body temperature |
| Intravenous | pertaining to within a vein |
| Phlebotomist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the vein |
| Phlebology | study of the veins |
| Hematologist | physician who studies and treats diseasesof the blood |
| Hematology | study of blood |
| Hematopoesis | formation of blood cells |
| Hemolysis | dissolution of red blood cells |
| Hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding |
| Myelopoesis | formation of bone marrow |
| Plasmapheresis | removal of plasma from within blood |
| Thrombolysis | dissolution of a clot |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage |
| Defribillation | application of electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm |
| Diastole | phase in the cardiac cycle where the ventricles relax between contractions |
| Extracorporeal | occuring outside the body, such as an extracorporeal circulation through the use of a heart-lung machine during open heart surgery |
| Extravasation | escape of blood from the blood vessels into the tissues |
| Fibrillation | rapid, quivering, non-coordinated contractions of the atria and/or ventricles |
| Heart murmur | a short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin |
| Hypercholesterolemia | excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood |
| Hyperlipidemia | excessive amount of fats in the blood |
| Hypertension | blood pressure that is above normal (>140/90) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood |
| Hypotension | blood pressure that is below normal (<90/60) |
| Lipids | fats and fat-like substances |
| Lumen | space within a tubular organ |
| Occlude | to close tightly, or block |
| Systole | Phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles constrict |
| Vasoconstrictor | agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessel |
| Vasodilator | agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessel |
| Venipuncture | puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill medication, or start an IV infusion |
| Anticoagulant | agent that slows the clotting process |
| Dyscrasia | abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood |
| Hemmorrhage | rapid loss of blood |
| Allergen | environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in the body |
| Allergist | physician who studies and treats allergic reactions |
| Anaphylaxis | an exaggerated, life-threatening reaction to to a previously encountered antigen (can lead to anaphylactic shock) |
| Antibiotic | a drug that targets microorganisms to kill or halt growth/replication |
| Antibodies | a substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens (also called immunoglobulins) |
| Antigen | a substance that triggers an immune reaction when introduced into the body |
| Autoimmune disease | a disease caused by the body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies |
| Immune | being resistant to a specific invading pathogen |
| Immunodeficiency | deficient immune response caused by the immune system dysfunction brought on by disease (such as HIV) or immune-suppressive drugs (prednisone) |
| Immunologist | physician who studies and treats immune system disorders |
| Immunology | branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders |
| Infection | the invasion of pathogens into the body, may be localized or systemic |
| Phagocytosis | process by which white blood cells destroy invading microorganisms |
| Vaccine | a suspension of inactivated microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray to induce immunity |
| ACS | acute coronary syndrome |
| A-fib | atrial fibrillation |
| AV | atrioventricular |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CBC and Diff | complete blood count and differential |
| CCU | coronary care unit |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CPK | creatine phosphokinase |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary rescusitation |
| CRP | c-reactive protein |
| DSA | digital subtraction angiography |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
| ECG, EKG | electrocardiogram |
| ECHO | echocardiogram |
| HCT | hematocrit |
| Hgb | hemoglobin |
| HHD | hypertensive heart disease |
| ICD | implantable cardiac defibrillator |
| IPG | impedence plethysomography |
| IV | intravenous |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| PAD | peripheral artery disease |
| PT | prothrombine time |
| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| RBC | red blood cell |
| SPECT | single-photon emission computed tomography |
| TEE | transesophageal echocardiogram |
| WBC | white blood cell |
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