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Bio240 Vocab 41-44
Bio Vocab Chapter 41,42,43,44
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| undernourishment | A diet that is chronically deficient in calories. |
| Overnourishment | A diet that is chronically excessive in calories. |
| essential nutrients | A substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from any other material. In humans, there are essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids. |
| malnourished | • An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients |
| essential amino acids | The amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food.Eight amino acids are essential in the adult human with a ninth, histidine, being essential for infants.The same amino acids are essential for most animals |
| essential fatty acids | Certain unsaturated fatty acids that animals cannot make. These are certain unsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acids, which are required by humans |
| Vitamins | organic molecules required in the diet in quantities that are quite small compared with the relatively large quantities of essential amino acids and fatty acids animals need. |
| The fat-soluble | The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K.They have a wide variety of functions. Vitamin A is incorporated in the visual pigments of the eye. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone formation. Vitamin E seems to protect membrane phospholipids from |
| The water-soluble vitamins | include the B complex, which consists of several compounds that function as coenzymes in key metabolic processes.Vitamin C, also water soluble, is required for the production of connective tissue. |
| Minerals | simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts—from less than 1 mg to about 2,500 mg per day |
| Ingestion | the act of eating, is only the first stage of food processing. |
| Digestion | the second stage of food processing, is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. Digestion cleaves macromolecules into their component monomers, which the animal then uses to make its own molecules or as fuel f |
| enzymatic hydrolysis | Rather than removing a molecule of water for each new covalent bond formed, digestion breaks bonds with the addition of water |
| absorption | • After the food is digested, the animal’s cells take up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars from the digestive compartment |
| intracellular digestion | • The simplest digestive compartments are food vacuoles, organelles in which hydrolytic enzymes break down food without digesting the cell’s own cytoplasm |
| extracellular digestion | some hydrolysis occurs by extracellular digestion, the breakdown of food outside cells. |
| gastrovascular cavities | • Many animals with simple body plans, such as cnidarians and flatworms, have digestive sacs with single openings |
| Peristalsis | rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in the walls of the canal, pushes food along. |
| Sphincters | muscular ring-like valves, regulate the passage of material between specialized chambers of the canal |
| Accessory glands | include the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder. |
| Salivary glands | Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity. The secretions of salivary glands contain substances to lubricate food, adhere together chewed pieces into a bolus, and begin the process of chemical digestion. |
| Liver | The largest organ in the vertebrate body. The liver performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood. |
| Gallbladder | An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine. |
| Oral cavity | triggers a nervous reflex that causes the salivary glands to deliver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity. |
| salivary amylase | an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose. |
| Bolus | • The tongue tastes food, manipulates it during chewing, and helps shape the food into a ball |
| pharynx | also called the throat, is a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea (windpipe) |
| epiglottis | A cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system. |
| esophagus | conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis |
| stomach | located in the upper abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. |
| gastric juice | secreted by the epithelium lining numerous deep pits in the stomach wall |
| pepsin | an enzyme that begins the hydrolysis of proteins. |
| pepsinogen | Pepsin is secreted in an inactive form called pepsinogen by specialized chief cells in gastric pits |
| acid chyme | A mixture of recently swallowed food and gastric juice. |
| pyloric sphincter | helps regulate the passage of chyme into the intestine. |
| small intestine | The longest section of the alimentary canal; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients. |
| duodenum | acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and gland cells of the intestinal wall |
| bile | A mixture of substances that is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. |
| microvilli | (plural, microvilli) One of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area. |
| lacteal | A tiny lymph vessel extending into the core of an intestinal villus and serving as the destination for absorbed chylomicrons. |
| chylomicrons | One of the small intracellular globules composed of fats that are mixed with cholesterol and coated with special proteins. |
| hepatic portal vein | A large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood’s nutrient content. |
| large intestine | or colon, is connected to the small intestine at a T-shaped junction where a sphincter controls the movement of materials |
| cecum | (plural, ceca) A blind outpocket of a hollow organ such as an intestine. |
| appendix | A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity. |
| ruminants | An animal, such as a cow or a sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet. |
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