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Gen Psych Midterm
General Psycholog Midterm Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prologue "A Rampage on Campus" | Virgina Tech |
| What is psychology | scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| Psychologists try to: | describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes |
| Behavior and mental processes: encompasses not only what people do but their | thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories and even biological activities |
| Behavioral Psychology | studies how living organisms develop behaviors in response to current conditions |
| Cross Cultural Psychology | studies similarities/differences in psychological function in cultures and ethnic groups |
| Developmental Psychology | studies how people grow and change from conception through death |
| Cognitive Psychology | studies higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making and language. |
| Evolutionary Psychology | studies how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance |
| Health Psychology | studies relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease |
| Personality Psychology | studies consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another |
| Psychologists: A Portrait (Minorities Preferences Re: Treatment) | Only 6% are racial minorities, lack of perspectives minorities can provide, without minorites in profession, other minorities discouraged from joining, minorities prefer to receive counseling from own race, may not seek counseling |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control |
| Behavioral Perspective | observable, measurable behavior should be focus of study |
| Humanisitic | all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop and be in control of their lives and behavior |
| Nature vs. Nurture | Behavior is relegated by their biology versus their upbringing |
| Four Steps of the Scientific Method | "1. Identifying questions of interests 2.Formulating an explanation 3. Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation 4. Communicating the findings " |
| Prologue "The Deepest Cut" | Hemimegalencephaly: defect in which one half of brain grows larger than the other, causes seizures |
| Neuroscientist | Behavioral Neuroscientists: psychologists who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior |
| Biological Factors | Biological factors are central to our sensory experience, states of consciousness, motivation and emotion, development throughout life and physical and psychological health |
| Neuron | nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system |
| Neurotransmitter | chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite (and sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron |
| Endocrine System | Endocrine system: chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the blood stream |
| Mater Gland | Pituitary Gland: found near and regulated by hypothalamus, "master gland", controls functioning of the rest of the endocrine system, hormones secreted control growth |
| Hemisphere Specialization | symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location |
| Lateralization | dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language |
| Left Hemisphere | verbal competence: language, speaking, reading, thinking and reasoning; processes information sequentially (one bit at a time) |
| Right Hemisphere | spatial relations, recognition of patters and drawings, music, emotion expression; processes information as a whole |
| Prologue "Only Blank Faces" | Prosopagnosia: selective development condition know as "face blindness"; lack of processing ability to detect subtle differences that make each face unique |
| Sensation | Activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy, Process by which our sense organs receive information from the environment, Organisms first encounter with raw sensory stimulus |
| Perception | Process by which organism interprets, analyzes and integrates that stimulus with other sensory information |
| Color Blindness | 7% of men and .4% of women, most common visual disturbance |
| Most common form of color blindness | all red and green seen as yellow |
| Less common form of color blindness | cannot differentiate between yellow/blue |
| Least common form of color blindness | total color blindness: see in black and white |
| Trichromatic Theory of color Vision | three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds to a specific range of wavelength; One to blue-violet, one to green, third to red-yellow; Perception of color influenced by which cone is activated |
| Opponent-process theory of color vision | receptor cells, linked in pairs, working in opposite direction to each other; Blue yellow pairing, red-green pairing, black-white pairing; Object reflects light that is more blue than yellow, stimulates blue cells, inhibit others |
| Eardrum | vibrates when sound hits it |
| Cochlea | coiled tube in ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound |
| Basilar membrane | "vibrating structure that runs through the center of cochlea, dividing it into upper and lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound -Covered in hair membranes: when bent by vibrations, send neural messages to brain" |
| Place theory of hearing | theory that different areas of basilar membrane respond to different frequencies |
| Frequency theory of hearing | theory that entire basilar membrane acts like microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound. |
| Semicircular canals | inner ear, consists of three tubes containing fluids that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to brain |
| Otoliths | tiny motion sensitive crystals in the semicircular canals, sense acceleration forward, backwards, or up and down, as well as constant pull of gravity. |
| Gestalt Psychology | Series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes -Perception goes beyond individual elements that we sense, represents an active, constructive process carried out in brain" |
| Subliminal Perception | Perception of messages about which we have no awareness |
| Prologue "Nodding Off" | Sleep apnea: constricted breathing during sleep that forces the sleeper to wake momentarily, sometimes as many as hundreds of times each night |
| Consciousness | Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at any given moment |
| Waking consciousness | we are awake and aware of our thoughts, emotions and perceptions |
| Altered states of consciousness | all other states of consciousness; sleeping, dreaming, drug use, hypnosis |
| Unconscious wish fulfillment theory | Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled |
| Latent content of dreams | Freud: the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects |
| Manifest content of dreams | Freud: apparent story lines of dreams |
| Dreams-for-survival theory | dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocesses during sleep |
| Activation-synthesis theory | Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain |
| REM | Rapid eye movement: sleep occupying 20 percent of an adult's sleep time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming. |
| Sleeping Better | Exercise during the day (at least 6 hrs before bedtime) and avoid naps, Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch, Drink a warm glass of milk at bedtime, Avoid sleeping pills, Try not to sleep |
| Insomnia | Some people who think they have sleep problems are mistaken: many fall asleep within 30 min and stay asleep all night |
| Night Terrors | sudden awakening from non-rem sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic and strong physiological arousal, most common ages 3-8 |
| Narcolepsy | uncontrolled sleeping periods that occur for short periods while a person is awake, ppl go directly from awake to REM sleep |
| Effectiveness of Hypnosis | 5-20% of people cannot be hypnotized, 20% easily hypnotized |
| Meditation | Learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness |
| D.A.R.E.'s Effectiveness | "Repeated evaluations have been unable to demonstrate that program effective in reducing drug use over the long term -One study showed graduates were more likely to use marijuana than was a comparison groups of non-graduates" |
| Signs of Drug Abuse | Always getting high, to high to go to work/class, feeling badly after because of something you did or said, legal problems, unable to stop, need it to get through the day, thinking about it all the time, avoiding family/friends |
| Prologue "Four Legged Coworker" | Learning is a fundamental topic for psychologists |
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after its paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response |
| Example of classical conditioning | Pavlovs dogs: bell rang + food = salivate, conditioned to salivate after just hearing bell |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning in which a voluntary response (behavior) is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. |
| Law of Effect | Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model; Referred to social cognitive approach to learning |
| Punishment | Frequently ineffective, particularly if it is not delivered shortly after the undesired behavior or if individual is able to leave the setting in which punishment is given; does not convey information about alternative, desired behavior |
| High levels of media violence | makes viewers more susceptible to acting aggressively |
| Exposure to violence in media may: | lower inhibitions about carrying out aggression; Distort understanding of meaning of other behavior, predisposing us to view nonaggressive acts as aggressive violence; leave us desensitized to violence |
| Retrograde amnesia | pt can form sentences but remembers nothing about past and only patchy facts about the world |
| Memory | The process by which we encode, store and retrieve information |
| Memory Encoding | initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory |
| Memory Storage | maintenance of material saved in memory |
| Memory Retrevial | material in storage must be located and brought into awareness |
| Sensory Memory | initial, momentary storage of information that lasts an instance |
| Short Term Memory | holds information for 15 to 25 seconds and stores it according to meaning |
| Long Term Memory | information stored on a relatively permanent basis, though may be difficult to recall |
| Applying Psychology, "Dulling the Edges of Painful Memories" | Reducing the intensity of traumatic memory may reduce their effect on people later in life, use of propranolol in treatment of PTSD/Tramatic events |
| Eyewitness Identification | -eyewitnesses are prone to making mistakes when recalling details of crime -questioning format can influence witnesses -weapons act as visual magnets, drawing attention away from attackers face" |
| Children as witnesses | children are highly vulnerable to influence of others Ex: 5-7 y/o girls post standard physical, 3 girls indicated they had had a vaginal/anal exam (when they did not) and one indicated Dr performed exam with a stick" |
| Korsakoff's Syndrome | Disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and tendency to repeat stories |
| Alzheimer's Disease | Illness characterized in part by severe memory problems, 4th leading cause of death among adults in us, May be genetic: inherited susceptibility to defect in production of protein beta amyloid, necessary in the maintenance of nerve cell connections |
| Rober Ptman's Research/Propranolol Use Study | Ran study on those who recently experienced traumatic experience, half got placebo, other half got propranolol (bp med), those on med had less stressful reaction to memories |
| Goals of propranolol study | use propranolol to interfere with reconsolidation of traumatic memories that have been reawakened; Not blocking memory entirely but reduce its intensity upon reconsolidation so that victim will remember what happened but not be tortured by memory |
| Cognitive Psychology | Branch of psychology that focuses on study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging and decision making |
| Creativity | the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways |
| Divergent Thinking | the ability to generate unusual, yet appropriate, responses to problems or questions |
| Convergent thinking | the ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic |
| Animal Language Development | Rudimentary in form |
| Chimps (Language Development) | have taught to sign, some have been able to create grammatically sophisticated sentences |
| Critics (Language Development) | Critics say that skill is no different than a dog lying down on command |
| Evidence (Language Development) | Lack of firm evidence that animals can recognize and respond to the mental state of others of their species, an important aspect of human communication |
| Intelligence | The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges |
| Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence | Minimum of eight forms of intelligence, relatively independent of each other: musical, bodily kinesthetics, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist |
| Intelligence Quotient | "A score that takes into account an individuals mental and chronological age IQ score = mental age/ chronological age x 100" |
| Mental Retardation | A condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Most common causes of mental retardation in newborns, occurring when mother uses alcohol during pregnancy |
| Achievement Test | A test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area |
| Aptitude Test | A test designed to predict a persons ability in a particular area or line of work |
| Intellectually Gifted | The 2-4% of the population who have IQs greater than 130; Most often well adjusted and outgoing, healthy and popular people who do most things better than the average person can |
| Culture Fair IQ Test | A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group |
Created by:
kallenpoole
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