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Genetics/Pierce
Chapters 9,10,11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Codon? | A set of 3 nucleotides that specifies an amino acid in a protein. |
| The human genome contains about _______ genes with an average size of ____________ base pairs. | 22,000-28,000 1,000-15,000 |
| What is the classic definition of a gene? | A sequence of nucleotides that carries the genetic information that is to be expressed. |
| Any DNA sequence that is transcribed into an RNA molecule. | Molecular level gene |
| 2 types of heterochromatin | Constitutive and Facultative |
| Potential to become whole chromosome | Facultative heterochromatin |
| Centromeres and Telomeres/noncoding regions | Constitutive heterochromatin |
| 2 types of chromatin | heterochromatin and euchromatin |
| Light stained, less densely packed, coding sequences, tightly coiled only in metaphase | Euchromatin |
| Why do birds need so much more DNA than an insect? | C-value paradox |
| Telomerase adds nucleotide to the: | 3' end of the DNA |
| Uracil is an example of ___________ and is only found in ____________. | pyrimidine/RNA |
| If a dsDNA molecule consists of 1000 base pairs, how long it it? | 3400 Angstroms |
| If a dsDNA molecule has 12% Adenine, how much Cytosine would be found? | 38% |
| An inactivated X chromosome is an example of: | facultative heterochromatin |
| Chain termination sequencing of DNA works because _________ are included in small amounts in each reaction tube. | Dideoxyribonucleotides |
| Coding region for phenotype. | Exon |
| Intervening sequences, generally do not code for phenotype. | Introns |
| Highly conserved sequence which serves as the binding site for RNA pol. | TATA Box |
| Start site of transcription, promoter region of a gene | TATA Box. |
| Site at which DNA binding proteins attach and modulate the rate and number of copies of a gene made. | CCAAT Box |
| ___________ contain short sequences (motifs) critical in the binding of RNA Pol to the DNA strand. | Promoters. |
| Transcription is always in the __________ direction. | 5' to 3'. |
| _____________is a complex, multimeric enzyme complex. | RNA polymerase. |
| Steps of Transcriptional Units | Recognition, Initiation, Elongation, Termination. |
| RNA messages are _____________ and ______________ to the DNA template strand. | parallel and complementary |
| RNA Polymerase binds at or near TATA box. | Recognition |
| Double strand opens to ssDNA. Transcription begins at initiation site. | Initiation |
| Growing RNA strand is complimentary to DNA, introns and exons are both trascribed as RNA pol moves down the DNA strand | Elongation |
| Poly-A tail site begins stop. RNA pol pops off due to GC rich area and release factors | Termination. |
| __________ are an evolved feature, only genes in higher order organisms have them. | Introns |
| Allows exons to be shuffled and alternate splicing to occur. | Exon shuffling theory |
| A large complex consisting of proteins and RNA which excises introns in the nucleus. | Spliceosome |
| Conversion of mRNA to Amino Acids | Translation |
| Genetic code/dictionary is __________ and ____________. | Unambiguous (1 codon = 1 AA.) Degenerate (1 AA can be coded for by more than one codon.) |
| Start codon | AUG |
| Stop Codons | UGA, UAG, UAA |
| ________ delivers amino acids one by one to the growing peptide chain at the ribosome. | tRNA |
| Clover-leaf shaped structure | tRNA |
| Large and small subunits associate to form the __________. | Ribosome |
| ___________ are unique for each of the Amino Acids. | R-groups |
| How many unique Amino Acids are there? | 20 |
| Four types of unique AA R groups. | Non-polar (hydrophobic), Polar (hydrophilic), Positive charged, Negative charged. |
| Spiral chain of Amino Acids stablized by H bonds, helical forms are common. | Alpha Helix |
| Single polypeptide chain folded back on itself running parallel or anti parallel to each other. | Beta-pleated sheet |
| All peptides carry a ____________ depending on the R-groups of the AAs. | Net charge. |
| Almost all proteins have a ____________ structure. | Tertiary or 3 degree. |
| Proteins with a quaternary structure are called _______________. | Oligomeric proteins. |
| Protein function is dependent on ___________. | Shape. |
| Shape of proteins is determined by ____________. | Constituent Amino Acids. |
| _____________ is determined by nucleotide sequence (DNA-mRNA). | Amino Acid composition |
| __________ at the level of the nucleotide can alter Amino Acid composition. | Mutation |
| _____________ can detect mutations because of changes in charges. | Electrophoresis. |
| Non-functional sequences due to significant substitution of deletions in the nucleotide sequence. | Pseudogenes. |
| Genes of identical or closely related sequences which share similar function and Chromosomal location. e.g. globin | Multi-gene families. |
| A ___________ has 3 sites that can be occupied by tRNAs. | Ribosome |
| A-site of the ribosome | Aminoacyl |
| P-site of the ribosome | Peptidyl |
| E-site of the ribosome | Exit |
| The attachment of a tRNA to its appropriate amino acid is termed _______________. | tRNA charging. |
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mikeypoe
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