Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Midterm II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Before cells are able to reproduce, there must be a... | Division of the nucleus and its DNA and cytokinesis |
| Mitosis is used by muliticelled organisms for... | growth, development, and repair |
| Mitosis has what cells? | Somatic cells |
| Meiosis occurs in which somatic cells? | Germ cells |
| What do germ cells divide into? | Gametes |
| Each threadlike chromosome is duplicated to form... | Two sister chromatids held together by a centromere |
| Humans somatic cells contain __ chromosomes | 46 |
| Which cells are diploid? | Somatic cells |
| How many chromosomes do diploid cells have? | 2 |
| What are Gametes? | Egg and sperm |
| Which cell is haploid? | Gametes |
| How many chromosomes do haploid cells have? | 1 |
| Most of the cells existence is spent in... | Interphase |
| During interphase.... | the cells mass increases and the DNA is duplicated |
| During G1 phase.... | carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins for a cells use and for export are assembled. |
| During S phase... | the cell copies it DNA and synthesizes proteins |
| During G2 phase... | proteins that will drive mitosis to completion are produced. |
| What are the 4 stages of mitosis? | Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. |
| The spindle apparatus does what? | moves the chromosomes. |
| What extends from the 2 poles of a cell and overlap at the cells equator? | Microtubules. |
| Chromosomes become visible rodlike units with each having 2 sister chromatids is what stage? | Prophase. |
| The centromere is | a docking site for the spindle microtubules on each chromatid. |
| Microtubules are composed of.. | tubulins |
| The nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate in which stage? | Prophase |
| The centrioles are moved by the microtubules to the opposite poles of the cell in which phase? | Prophase. |
| Nuclear membrane breaks up completely in which stages? | Between prophase and metaphase. |
| Sister chromatids become oriented toward opposite poles in what stage? | Metaphase. |
| What stage takes place when all the chromosomes are aligned at the cells equator? | Metaphase |
| At metaphase sister chromatids are at | Max. condensation |
| Sister chromatids separate and move toward oppostite poles during which stage? | Anaphase |
| When the two daughter chromosomes of each original chromatid pair arrive at opposite poles, which stage is beginning? | Telophase |
| The nuclear envelope reforms during | Telophase |
| When each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.... | Telophase is done and mitosis is complete. |
| The flexible plasma membrance of animal cells can be squeezed in the middle to separate the two daughter cells..what is this called? | cleavage or furrowing |
| Plant cells cannot be pinched in two because.... | the rigid cell wall |
| Organisms that reproduce asexually rely on | chromosome duplications and mitotic cell divisions |
| Somatic germ cells go through a type of cell division called | meiosis and cytokinesis to produce gametes. |
| Meiosis begins with diploid germ cells(2n=46 in humans) and produces | haploid gametes (n=23) |
| In 2n cells there are 2 chromosomes of each type called | homolugous chromosomes. |
| During meiosis, homologous chromosomes | line up, even unequally matched sex chromosomes |
| Meiosis produces gametes that have | one of each pair of homologous chromosomes. |
| Meiosis has how many series of divisions | 2 |
| During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and | cytokinesis follows and each daughter cell receives a haploid number of chromosomes. |
| In meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome | separate; cytokinesis follows resulting in 4 haploid cells. |
| In meiosis prophase 1, nonsister chromatids exchange segments in a process called | crossing over |
| After crossing over, the non sister chromatids begin to separate but remain attatched by | chiasmata |
| In meiosis metaphase I, homologous chromosomes... | randomly line up at the spindle equator. |
| During meiosis anaphase I, homologous chromosomes... | separate into two haploid cells. |
| In males, meiosis and gamete formation are called | spermatogenesis |
| In females, meiosis and gamete formation are called | oogenesis |
| Random alignments at metaphase I lead to | millions of maternal and paternal chromosomes in each gamete |
| Chromosomes are moved by the | spindle apparatus |
| Observable traits, like five fingers on each hand, are the result of | genetic expression |
| The first person to systematically pursue the questions of genetic | Gregor Mendel |
| Units of information about specific traits. | Genes |
| Each gene has a _______ on a chromosome | locus |
| What cells have two genes for each trait on a homologous chromosome? | Diploid cells |
| Various molecular forms of a gene for the same trait are | Alleles |
| Occurs when offspring inherit identical alleles | true-breeding |
| Non-identical alleles produce | hybrid offspring |
| When both alleles are the same, this is called | Homozygous condition |
| If the alleles differ then its | Heterozygous condition |
| When one allele is dominate A and the other is recessive a its... | heterozygous |
| When both alleles are dominate AA its.... | Homozygous dominant |
| aa= | homozygous recessive |
| Aa= | heterozygous |
| The sum of the genes are the | genotype |
| Genes that are expressed by what you observe are the | phenotype |
| P= | Parental generation |
| F1= | first-generation offspring |
| F2= | second-generation offspring. |
| What has two parents that are true-breeding for contrasting forms of a trait | Monohybrid |
| Mendel disproved the | blending model |
| What theory states that 2n organisms inherit two genes per trait located on pairs of homologous chromosomes | The Mendelian theory |
| Chromosomes segregate independently of each other and give the same F2 phenotypic ratio Mendel observed are... | non homologous |
| A dominant allele that cannot completely mask the expression of another | incomplete dominance |
| A case where both dominant alleles are expressed in heterozygotes. | Codominance |
| Whenever more than two forms of alleles exist at a given locus is | a multiple allele system |
| Alleles at one location that can have have effects on two or more traits is called | termed pleiotropy |
| One gene pair can influence other gene pairs, with the combined activities producing some effect on the phenotype..this is called.. | epistasis |
| Most of the chromosomes are of the same quantity and type in both sexes and are called | Autosomes |
| Sex chromosomes 92 in humans) | determine gender |
| What chromosomes do females have? | two X chromosomes |
| What chromosomes do males have? | one x and one y |
| Chromosomes that are visualized in a lab preparation is called | a karyotype |
| A term applied to a genetic condition that is a deviation from the usual, or average, and is not life threatening. | Genetic abnormality |
| Used to describe conditions that cause medical problems. | Genetic disorder |
| Applied to those instances where a persons altered genes increase susceptibility to infection | Genetic disease. |
| The dominant allele is nearly always expressed | autosomal dominant |
| Either parent can carry the recessive allele on an autosome | autosomal recessive |
| This occurs when a gene sequence is in excess of the normal amount | duplication |
| This alters the position and sequence of the genes so that gene order is reversed | inversion |
| A condition in which the gametes or cells of an affected individual end up with one extra or one less chromosome than is normal | Aneuploidy |
| The presence of three or more of each type of chromosome in gametes or cells | Polyploidy |
| Anaphase I or anaphase II frequently results in a change in chromosome number due to | nondisjunction |
| Consists if a single layer of cells | Simple epithelium |
| Supports epithelia and organs and surrounds blood vessels and nerves | Loose connective tissue |
| Could be found in tendons and ligaments | Dense connective tissue |
| What contains chondrocytes and a dense array of fibers in a jelly like ground substance? | Cartilage |
| What stores mineral salts, produces blood cells, and provides spaces for its own living osteocytes | Bone tissue |
| Cells that are specialized for the storage of fat, which can be used as an energy reserve and as cushions to pad organs | Adipose tissue |
| Transports oxygen, wastes, hormones, and enzymes | blood |
| contracts in response to stimulation | muscle tissue |
Created by:
brittneyyc
Popular Science sets