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Biology Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the nervous and endocrine system communicate with? | neurotrasmitters and hormones. |
| What connects a single-unit smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, epithealial, and other cells to each other? | gap junctions. |
| What enable cells to pass nutrients, electrolytes, and signaling molecules directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next through pores in their plasma membranes? | gap junctions. |
| What do neurons release? | neurotransmitters. |
| What diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the surface of the next cell? | neurotransmitters. |
| What is secreted by one cell and difuses to nearby cells in the same tissue and stimulates their physiology? | paracrines. |
| What is also know as by the local hormones | paracrines. |
| What are hormones? | chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream. |
| What stimulates physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ? | hormones. |
| What does the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones constitute? | the endocrine system. |
| What is the study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatment of it disorders called? | endocrinology. |
| What is the classical distinction between exocrine and endocrine glands? | the presence or absence of ducts. |
| What glands are ductless and release their secretions into the bloodstream? | endocrine glands. |
| What do endorcine secretions alter the metabolism of? | target cells. |
| What do endocrine glands have an unusually high density of? | blood capallaries. |
| What has patches of larges pores in their walls and allow for the easy uptake of matter from the gland tissue? | fenestrated cappillaries. |
| How does the nervous system communicate? | electrically and chemically. |
| How does the endocrine system communicate? | only chemically. |
| Name some examples of chemicals that function as both neurotransmitters and hormones. | norepinephrine cholescystokinin thyrotropin-releasing hormone dopamine antidiuretic hormone |
| Name the teo hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells? | oxytocim and epinphrine |
| What are the organs or cells that have receptors for a certain chemical called? | target cells or target organs. |
| Name the abbreviations and source of adrenocorticotropic hormone. | ACTH and anterior pituitary. |
| Name the abbreviations for antidiuretic hormone and the course. | ADH and posterior pituitary. |
| Name the abbreviations and source of atrial natruretic peptide. | ANP and the heart. |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH and the hypothalamus. |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone | DHEA and the adrenal cortex. |
| Erthropoitin | EPO and the kidneys and liver. |
| Pollicle-stimulating hormone | FSH and the anterior pituitary. |
| Growth hormone | GH and the anterior pituitary |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone | GHRH and the hypothalamus. |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH and the hypothalamus. |
| Insulin-like growth factors | IGFs and the liver and other tissues. |
| Lutenizing hormone | LH and the anterior pituitary. |
| Norepinephrine | NE and the adrenal medulla. |
| Oxytocin | OT and the posterior pituitary. |
| Prolactin-inhibiting hormone | PIH and the hypothalamus. |
| Prolactin | PRL and the anterior pituitary. |
| Parathyroid hormone | PTH and the parathyroids. |
| Triidothyronine | T3 and the thyroid. |
| Thyroxine | T4 and the thyroid. |
| Thyroid hormone | TH and the thyroid. |
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH and the hypothalamus. |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone | TSH and the anterior pituitary. |
| What is shaped like a flattened funnel and forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain? | the hypothalamus. |
| What regulates primitive functions of the body ranging from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth? | the hypothalamus. |
| What is suspended from the floor of the hypothalamus by the stalk and housed in a depression of the sphenoid bone? | the pituitary gland. |
| Name the two structures that compose the pituitary gland? | the adenophypophysis and the neurohpophysis. |
| What does the adenophypophysis arise from? | hypophyseal pouch. |
| What arises from the neurohypopyseal bud? | the neurohpophysis. |
| What constitutes the anterior three-quaters of the pituitary? | adenohypophysis. |
| How is the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus connected? | a comples of blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system. |
| The hypophyseal portal system consists of a network of what? | primary capillaries in the hypothalamus and a group of small beins called portal venules and a complex of secondary capillaries. |
| What constitutes the posterior one-quater of the pituitary? | the neurohypophysis. |
| Name the three parts of the neurohypophysis? | the median eminence, the infundibulum and the posterior lobe. |
| What does the thyrotropin-releasing hormone do? | promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin. |
| What hormone promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone? | corticotropin-releasing hormone. |
| What does the gonadotropin-releasing hormone do? | promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone. |
| What inhibits secretion of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulatin hormone? | somatostatin. |
| How many hormones regulate the anterior pituitary? | six. |
| Name the two hypothalamic hormones that are stored in the potsterior pituitary. | oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. |
| Where does oxytocin come from? | right and left paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. |
| Where does the antidiuertic hormone come from? | the supraoptic nuclei. |
| What type of hormones target the gonads? | gondatropins. |
| In the ovaries, the follicle-stimulating hormone does what? | stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the bubblelike follicules. |
| Name the two hormones considered the gonadotropins. | follicle-stimulating hormone and the lutenizing hormone. |
| What stimulates ovulation and the release of eggs? | lutenizing hormones. |
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? | progesterone. |
| What is thyroid-stimulating hormone secrete by pituitary celles? | thyrotropes. |
| What does the thyroid-stimulating hormone effect? | metabolism and body temperature. |
| What type of cells secrete adrenocorticopic hormone? | cortocotropes. |
| adrenocortocopic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete what hormone? | glucocorticoids. |
| What does glucocorticoids regulate? | glucose, protein and fat metabolism. |
| Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary cells called what? | lactotropes. |
| Growth hormone is secreted by what type of cells? | somatotropes. |
| What is general effect of the growth hormone? | to stimulate mitosis and cellular differentiation. |
| The fetal pars intermedia produces a large polypeptide called what? | proopiomelanocortin. |
| What hormone increases water retention by the kidneys, and reduces urine volume? | antidieuretic hormone. |
| When is the gorwth hormone mainly secreted? | at night. |
| What hormone peaks during the middle of the mentrual cycle? | lutenizing hormone. |
| What is posterior pituitary controlled by? | neuroendocrine reflexes. |
| What hypothalamic neuron detectes dehyration and raises the osmolarity of blood? | osmoreceptors. |
| What do you call the pituitary stimulataion of on endocrine gland to secrete a hormone and then that hormone feeds back to the pituitary or hypothlamus and inhibts further secretion of the hormone? | negative feed back. |
| What hormone triggers a positive feed back? | oxytocin. |
| What hormone mainly effects catilage, bone, muscle and fat? | growth hormone. |
| What does protein sysnthesis need? | amino acids and mRNA. |
| Growth hormone stimulates adipocytes to catabolize fat and release fatty acids and glycerol into the blood , what is this called? | lipid metabolism. |
| Insulin-like grwth factors accelerate bone growth on what? | epiphyseal plate. |
| What is attached to the roof the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end if the corpus callosum? | pineal gland. |
| What is the shrinkage of an organ called? | involution. |
| What three systems does the thymus play a role in? | endocrine, lymphatic and immunes systems. |
| What white blood cells mature at the thymus? | T cells. |
| Name the three hormones the thymus secretes. | thymopotein, thymosin and thymulin. |
| What gland is the largest endocrine gland in adults? | the thyroid gland. |
| Where is the thyroid gland loacted? | lies adjacent to the trachea immediately below the larnyx. |
| Near the inferior end, the two lobes are usually joined by a narrow anterior bridge of tissue called what? | the isthmus. |
| What is the thyroid composed mostly of? | throid follicules. |
| Each thyroid follicules is filled with what? | a prtein-rich colliod and lined by a simple cubodial epothelium of follicular cells. |
| BEcause of the four iodine atoms, follicular cells mainly prodices what hormone? | thyroxin also called T4. |
| What thyroid also contains nest of what type of cells? | C cells or parafollicular cells. |
| C cells respond to rising levels of blood calcium by secreting what hormone? | calcitonin. |
| Where are the parathyroid glands loacted? | partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid. |
| What gland sits like a cap on the superior to superomedial surface of each kidney? | the adrenal glands. |
| The inner core of the adrenal gland is called what? | the adrenal medulla. |
Created by:
Kjane811
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