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Animal Diversity3234
chapters 32 through 34 of Biology (Campbell-Reece)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 Cell Types animals have that aren't seen in other multicellular organisms | muscle, nerve |
| Neoproterozoic Era | 1 Bill-542mill years ago - Ediacaran biota |
| Paleozoic | 542-251 mill - Cambrian Explosion |
| Mesozoic | 251-65.5 mill - habitat change |
| Cenozoic | 65.5 mill - Present - dinosaurs and marine reptiles vanished |
| Ectoderm | outer covering of animal, sometimes CNS |
| Endoderm | lines archenteron, liver, lungs |
| mesoderm | bilaterally symmetrical animals, forms muscle and organs |
| Diploblasts | 2 germ layers -Cnidarians, comb jellies |
| blastophore | indentation that during gastrulation leads to the formation of the archenteron. protostome = mouth, deuterostome = anus |
| points of agreement between molecular and morphological animal phylogeny | 1. all animals share a common ancestor 2. Sponges are basal animals 3. most animal phyla belong to the clade bilateria 4.Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues 5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade Deuterostomia |
| lophophore | a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding. |
| Calcarea and Silicea | sponges - sessile, lack true tissue |
| Cnidarians | corals, jellies, hydras -- diploblastic, gastrovascular cavity |
| Acoela | flatworms, platyhelminthes |
| Ctenophora | comb jellies - make up much of the ocean's plankton - have eight 'combs' of cilia that propel the animals through the water |
| Platyhelminthes | lophotrochozoans - flatworms no body cavity or organs for circulation |
| Rotifera | lophotrochozoans -specialized organ, including digestive tract |
| Ectoprocta | Bryozoans - Lophotrochozoans -- live in sessile colonies and are covered by a tough exoskeleton |
| Brachiopoda | lophotrochozoans -lamp shell -- different from molluscs in that they have a unique stalk that anchors then to their substrate |
| Acanthocephala | spiny-headed worms - lophotrochozoans |
| Cycliophora | lophotrochozoan - symbion pandora - disc 1995 on the mouthparts of a lobster |
| Mollusca | lophotrochozoans - snails, clams, squids, octopi |
| Nemertea | lophotrochozoan - ribbon worms - lack coelom - have an alimentary canal and closed circulatory system |
| Annelida | lophotrochozoan - segmented worms |
| Loricifera | Ecdysozoa - inhabit deep sea bottom - six plates surroundig abdomen |
| Priapula | Ecdysozoa - cactus worms - large rounded proboscis at the anterior end |
| Tardigrada | Ecdysozoans - water bears, can survive at temps close to absolute zero |
| Onychophora | Ecdysozoans - velvet worms - originated during cambrian explosion |
| Nematoda | Ecdysozoan - Roundworms - often parasitic - tough cuticle coating the body |
| Arthropoda | Ecdysozoa - vast majority of known animal species - segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages |
| Hemichordata | Deuterostomia - gill slits, dorsal nerve cord, acorn worms |
| Echinodermata | Deuterstomia - sand dollars, sea stars, sea urchins - bilaterally summetrical larvae, not adults. move by using canals to pump water to different parts of their body |
| Chordata | Deuterostomia |
| Spongocoel | central cavity of spongs |
| osculum | where water exits the spongs |
| choanocytes | line the spongocoel |
| mesohyl | separates 2 layers of sponge cells |
| amoebocytes | in mesohyl - take food from water and choanocytes, digest it, transport it |
| cribrostatin | compound from sponges, kills penicillin resistant strains of streptococcus |
| Hydrozoans | Cnidarians - alternate between polyp and medusa form - Hydras exist only in polyp form |
| Scyphozoans | Cnidarian - medusa is the predominant stage - live among plankton as jellies |
| Cubozoans | Cnidarians - box xhaped medusa stage - have complex eyes |
| Anthozoans | Snidarians - sea anemones, corals - occur only as polyps |
| Protonephridia | networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs |
| Turbellarians | platyhelmenthes - mostly marine planarians |
| monogeneans | platyhelmenthes - lives as parasites in or on animals - typically external parasites of fish |
| trematodes | platyhelmenthes - live as parasites in or on animals - go from snails to humans |
| Tapeworms | platyhelmenthes - parasitic - live inside vertebrates - lacks mouth, instead has a scolex |
| Rotifers | Rotifera - tiny but complex - females can make other females from unfertilized eggs (parthenogenesis) |
| Ectoprocts | lophophorate - colonial animals often encased in an exoskeleton that has pores in it that the lophophores escape from |
| Brachiopods | lophophorates - lamp shells - attached to their home by a stalk |
| Molluscs | snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopi, squids - have a foot and a radula |
| Chitons | mollusc - shell divided into 8 dorsal plates |
| Gastropods | molluscs- marine and freshwater, snails, slugs - torsion - often have a single spiraled shell |
| Bivalves | molluscs - clams, oysters, mussels, scallops - suspension feeders - most are sedentary |
| cephalopods | molluscs - tentacles, beak like jaws, poisonous, octopus, squids, nautiluses |
| Ammonites | shelled cephalopods |
| Oligochaetes | annelids - have bristles made of chitin - earthworms & aquatic species |
| Polychaetes | annelids - parapodia - fan worms |
| Nematodes | Nematoda - Trichinella |
| Cheliciforms | Arthropod - have chelicerae - |
| Eurypterids | Cheliceriform - water scorpions - earliest chel.s |
| arachnids | Cheliceriforms - scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites |
| myriapods | arthropods - centipedes, millipedes, |
| Hexapods | Arthropods - insects |
| Blattodea | Hexapod - cockroach |
| Coleoptera | hexapod - beetles |
| Dermaptera | Hexapod - earwigs |
| Diptera | Hexapods - horseflies |
| Hemiptera | Hexapods - bed bugs, assassin bugs, chinch bugs |
| Hymenoptera | Hexapod - ants, bees, wasps |
| Isoptera | Hexapod - termites |
| Lepidoptera | Hexapod - butterflies, moths |
| Odonata | Hexapods - Dragonflies, damselflies |
| Orthoptera | Hexapods grasshoppers, crickets |
| Phasmatodea | Hexapods - stick and leaf insects |
| Phthiraptera | hexapod - lice |
| Siphonaptera | Hexapod - fleas |
| Thysanura | Hexapod - silverfish |
| Trichoptera | hexapods - caddisfly |
| Crustaceans | Arthropods - live in the water |
| Isopods | Crustaceans - pill bugs, wood lice |
| Decapods | Crustaceans - lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp |
| Copepods | Crustaceans - plankton |
| Water Vascular System | unique to echinoderms, branch into extensions called tube feet. |
| Asteroidia | Echinoderm - Sea Stars |
| Ophiuroidea | Echinoderm - Brittle Stars (long, flexible arms) move by lashing their arms. some scavengers, some suspension feeders |
| Echinoidea | Echinoderm - Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars - no arms, but have 5 rows of tube feet |
| Crinoidea | Echinoderm - Sea Lilies, Feather Stars |
| Holothuroidea | Echinoderm - Sea cucumbers - lack spines, reduced endoskeleton, also have 5 rows of tube feet |
| Concentricycloidea | Echinoderm - Sea Dasies, all live on submerged wood - absorb nutrients |
| Myllokunmingia fengiaoa | gave rise to vertebrates |
| 4 key characteristics of Chordates | A notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular post-anal tail |
| Notochord | a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. composed of fluid filled clels encased in still fibrous tissue |
| Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord | develops into CNS |
| Pharyngeal slits or clefts | allow water entering mouth to exit bodyw ithout passing through the entire digestive tract - function in gas exchange |
| Post-Anal Tail | contains skeletal elements and muscles, helps propel many aquatic species |
| Lancelets | Cephalochordata - bladelike shape |
| Tunicates | Urochordata - once settles, undergoes radical metamorphosis in which many of its chordate charachters disappear |
| Craniates | Chordates that have a head |
| Neural Crest | unique to craniates - collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo |
| Myxini | Craniate - Hagfishes - have a small brain, eyes, ears - mouths contain tooth like formations made of keratin - all marine - can produce an obscene amount of slime in minutes |
| Lampreys | Petromyzontida - oldest living vertebrates - all marine - mostly parasites - clamp jawless mouth onto live fish - skeleton made of cartilage |
| Conodonts | slender, soft bodied vertebrates, such plentiful fossilized remains that they've been used for years by petroleum geologists to determine where to search for oil |
| Gnathostomes | vertebrates with jaws |
| Placoderms | earliest gnathostomes - armored |
| Chondrichthyans | Gnathostomes - sharks, rays, skeleton composed of cartilage |
| Oviparous | lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body - some shark species |
| Ovoviviparous | ratain fertilized eggs in the oviduct |
| viviparous | young develop within the uterous |
| Osteichthyes | bony fish - vast majority of vertebrates belong to this clade |
| Actinopterygii | Osteichthyans - ray finned fishes - salmon, trout,serve as a major source of protein for humans |
| Actinistia | Osteichthyans - Lobe Fins - Coelacanths |
| Dipnoi | Osteichthyans- Lobe Fish - Lungfish - can burrow into the mud and estivate |
| Tetrapods | Gnathostomes that have limbs |
| Amphibians | Tetrapods - salamanders, frogs, caecilians |
| Urodeles | Amphibians - salamanders, axolotl |
| Anurans | Amphibians - frogs - skin glands secrete poison |
| Apodans | Amphibians - caecilians - legless, nearly blind, resemble earthworms, inhabit tropical areas |
| Amniotes | Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg |
| 4 membranes of amniotic eggs | amnion, chorion, yolk sack, allantois |
| Reptiles | lizards snakes, turles, crocodilians, birds - have scales, internal fertilization, ectothermic or endothermic |
| Parareptiles | reptiles - large stocky quadrupedal herbivores |
| Diapsids | Reptiles, pair of holes on each side of the skull |
| Lepidosaurs | lineage of Diapsids - lizards, snakes |
| Archosaurs | Diapsid lineage - produced crocodilians. |
| Pterosaurs | first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight |
| theropods | lineage of dinosaurs, bipedal carnivores, T-Rex, ancestors of birds |
| Lepidosaurs | tuataras, lizards, snakes |
| Turtles | reptiles related to crocodiles |
| alligators and crocodiles | lineages reaches back into late triassic - confined to warm regions of the globe |
| birds | reptiles, archosaurs, feathers made of beta keratin, endothermic |
| Struthioniformes | Ratites - ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, emu - all flightless |
| Mammals | Amniotes that have hair and produce milk |
| Synapsids | Amniotes , humans evolved from them |
| Monotremes | mammals - platypus and anteaters - lay eggs |
| Marsupials | mammals - opossums, kangaroos, koalas - marsupium - |
| Eutherians | mammals - placental mammals - longer pregnancy |
| Primates | Eutherians - lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans |
| Proboscidea | Mammals - elephant |
| Sirenia | Mammals - Manatees, dugongs |
| Xenarthra | mammals, sloths, anteaters, armadillos |
| Lagomorpha | rabbits, hares, picas (mammals) |
| Carnivora | mammals - dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walrses |
| Cetartiodactyla Artiodactyls | mammals - sheep pigs cattle deer giraffes |
| Cetaceans | mammals - whales, dolphins, porpoises |
| tubulidentata | mammals - aardvarks |
| hyracoidea | mammals - hyraxes |
| rodentia | mammals - squirrels, beavers, rats, porcupines, mice |
| primates | mammals - lemurs, mokeys, chimpanzees, gorillas, humans |
| perissodactyla | mammals, horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinoceroses |
| Chiroptera | mammals - bats |
| Eulipotyphla | mammals - some moles, some shrews |
| 3 main groups of living primates | Lemurs of Madagascar, Lorises and Pottos of Africa/Asia ; Tarsiers or SE Asia; Anthropoids, which include monkeys and apes |
| Paleoanthropology | study of human origins |
| Hominins | extinct species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees |
| Sahelanthropus | earliest hominin |
Created by:
K.
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