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AP MUSCOLOSKELETAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SKELETAL - Skeletal system is composed of | BONES, JOINTS, CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS |
| SKELETAL - Functions of the Skeletal system | supports body weight; supports & protects soft organs; works w muscle to enable body to move; stores impt minerals, including calcium & phosphorus; contains bone marrow, w/c produces blood cells |
| SKELETAL - shapes of bones | long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones |
| SKELETAL - long bones | found in upper & lower extremities |
| SKELETAL - short bones | shaped like cubes; found mostly in wrists, ankles |
| SKELETAL - flat bones | thin and curved; cranium, ribs & sternum |
| SKELETAL - irregular bones | vertebrae & certain cranial bones, such as the sphenoid & ethmoid |
| SKELETAL - OSSIFICATION - flat bones | replacement of thin connective tissue membrane with bone |
| SKELETAL - OSSIFICATION - long bones | replacement of the fetal cartilage skeleton with bone. |
| SKELETAL - OSSIFICATION - Fetal skeleton | like frame is GRADUALLY replaced with bone tissue. In FLAT bones, osteoblasts in the region secrete calcium & other minerals into spaces between membranes. In LONG bones, osteoblasts invade cartilage & grandually replace it with bone |
| SKELETAL - SINUS | cavity or hollow space |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF FRACTURES | simple, compound, greenstick |
| SKELETAL - Skull | cranial bones -held together by sutures; no movement. Facial - mandible is only freely movable skull bone. Middle ear bones |
| SKELETAL - FONTANELS | "soft spots" - areas not yet converted to bone. Covered with fibrous tissue |
| SKELETAL - VERTEBRAL COLUMN | cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (low back), sacrum, coccyx |
| SKELETAL - VERTEBRAL COLUMN - disorders | abnormal curvatures: scoliosis (lateral curvature); kyphosis (hunchback); lordosis (swayback) |
| SKELETAL - Ribs | 12 pairs - 7 pairs of true ribs; 5 pairs of false ribs w/c includes 2 pairs of floating ribs |
| SKELETAL - UPPER EXTREMITIES | humerous (upper arm), radius & ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm of hand), phalanges (fingers) |
| SKELETAL - LOWER EXTERMITIES | thigh and leg bones - femur, patella, tibia, fibula. |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINTS | immovable, slightly movable & freely movable. |
| SKELETAL - SYNOVIAL FLUID | fluid that lubricates the bones in a joint to reduce friction |
| SKELETAL - BURSAE | small sacs of synovial fluid that allow tendons crossing over the joint to slide smoothly |
| SKELETAL - JOINT NAMING INDICATES ARTICULATING BONES | temporomandibular: temporal bone-mandible. TIBIOFEMORAL; METACARPOPHALANGEAL. GLENOHUMERAL |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS | HINGE JOINTS: elbows, knee & fingers. BALL & SOCKET: shoulders & hips. PIVOT JOINTS: atlas-axis joint. SADDLE JOINT: carpometacarpal joint (wrist-hand). CONDYLOID JOINT: metacarpophalangeal joint (hand-finger) |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, hyperextension, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, supination, pronation, circumduction |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - FLEXION | moving joint so that angle between joints decreases |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - EXTENSION | moving bones so that angle between bones increases |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - ABDUCTION | movement away from midline of body |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - ADDUCTION | movement toward from midline of body |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - HYPEREXTENSION | moving the bones beyond their normally straightened position |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - PLANTAR FLEXION | bending the foot down |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - DORSIFLEXION | bending the foot upward, toward the leg |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - EVERSION | turning the sole of the foot outward |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - SUPINATION | turning the hand so that the palm faces upward |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - PRONATION | turning the hand so that the palm faces downward |
| SKELETAL - TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENT - CIRCUMDUCTION | a combination of movements, as in pitching a softball |
| MUSCULAR - TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES | skeletal, smooth & cardiac |
| MUSCULAR - SKELETAL MUSCLE | generally attached to the bone & controlled by choice. Cells are long and appear striped (striated) |
| MUSCULAR - SMOOTH MUSCLE | generally found in the walls of viscera. Functions automatically |
| MUSCULAR - CARDIAC MUSCLE | found only in heart. Cells are long and branching and fit closely together at junctions (intercelated discs) |
| MUSCULAR - SARCOMERE | contractile units formed of proteins , actin and myosin |
| MUSCULAR - ROLE OF CALCIUM AND ATP | contraction and relaxation of muscle: ATP allows the actin and myosin to interact in the presence of calcium. CALCIUM: stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum, away from actin and myosin |
| MUSCULAR - MOTOR NERVE | type of nerve that supplies skeletal muscle with stimulation |
| MUSCULAR - NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ) | area where motor nerve meets muscle fibers |
| MUSCULAR - TWITCH | single muscle response in which muscle contracts & then fully relaxes |
| MUSCULAR - TETANUS | sustained muscle contraction caused by repeated stimulation |
| MUSCULAR - TONUS | normal, continous state of partial muscle contraction |
| MUSCULAR - ATP | energy source of muscle contraction. After it is consumed, it is replaced in 3 ways: aerobic , anaerobic metabolism & metabolism of creatinine phosphate - this will damage liver causing kidney failure |
| TRACTION | the exertion of pulling force applied in 2 directions to reduce and immobilize a fracture. It provides proper bone alignment & reduces muscle spasm |
Created by:
jekjes
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