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Cell Bio Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy is neither created or destroyed |
| Phototrophs | use light as their energy source |
| Chemotrophs | use chemicals as their energy source |
| Autotrophs | Use inorganic carbon (CO2) |
| Heterotrophs | Use organic carbon (other organisms) |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | All energy connversions are inefficient and result in "lost" energy |
| Energy | capacity to do work |
| Work | any change to a system |
| Mechanical Energy | Cell Crawling MT and motor proteins |
| Chemical Energy | Covalant bonds ATP |
| Electrical Energy | Ion gradients |
| Potential Energy | Stored energy |
| Kinetic Energy | "working" energy |
| enzyme | biological catalyst |
| Catalyst | a compound that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy |
| active site | binding site for substrate on an enzyme |
| cofactor | enzyme assistant usually an inorganic ion |
| Co-enzyme | organic non-protein cofactor |
| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions in a cell or organism |
| anabolism | building chemical bonds |
| catabolism | breaking apart chemical bonds |
| Feedback inhibition | the last product of a pathway |
| cellular respiration | a pathway for producing ATP from food energy in the presence of oxygen |
| Oxidation | reduction reaction, move electrons |
| Cellular Respiration Goal | Generate ATP |
| 2 Ways of making ATP | Substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) chemiosmosis |
| SLP | transfer of PO4 from some chemical to ADP to make ATP. Used in glycolysis and krebs cycle. |
| Chemiosmosis | used in ETC (electron transport chain) |
| Glycolysis Details | 1. a net of ATP/glucose 2. 2 pyruvates are produced from each glucose 3. Pyruvate is a 3 carbon molecule 4. some electrons are captured to send to ETC 5. glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm |
| Krebs Cycle Details | 1. 2 ATP produced from each starting glucose 2. 8 NADH from each glucose 3. Oxaloacetate is the starting compound 4. All input carbons become CO2 waste 5. ATP is produced by SLP |
| Electron Transport Chain | 1. Majority of ATP made in cellular respiration comes from ETC 2. ETC requires O2 3. Electrons coenzymes are "recycled" in ETC NADH to NAD+ and FADH to FAD+ 4. ATP is produced by chemiosmosis |
| fermentation | produces ethanol and CO2 |
| Priority order for energy sources | 1. ATP cellular stocks 2. Blood glucose 3. Liver glycogen 4. Body fate stores 5. Muscle proteins |
| Aerobic | occuring in the presence of 02 |
| Anerobic | occuring in the absence of O2 |
| Light Energy | exists in waves and (shorter wavelengths represent higher photons) |
| Pigments | chemicals that absorb specific wavelengths of light |
| Primary Pigments | Chlorophyll a (Darker green) Chlorophyll b (Lighter green) |
| Secondary Pigments | Carotenoids (orange) Xanthophylls (yellow) Phycobilins (purple) |
| Photosythesis | Sunlight energy converted to electrons |
| Photosythesis includes 2 subparts | light reactions and dark reactions |
| thylakoid membranes | contain pigments for both light and dark reactions |
| Light Reaction Details | 1. Pigments absorb light 2. The light energy is used to break H2O into O2 + H + Electrons 3. O2 is waste 4. Electrons are captured on NADP+ 5. Chemiosmosis is used to make ATP |
| Dark Reaction Details | 1. ATP and electrons from light reactions are energy used to make sugar 2. CO2 represents the carbon source to make the sugar 3. The calvin cycle is a cyclical metabolic pathway 4. The calvin cycle begins with the enzyme rubisco |
| Light Reactions occur Dark Reactions occur | during the day 24 hours a day |
| photorespiration | wasted energy. the cause of inefficiency in photosynthesis |
| C4 plants | evolved to decrease photorespiration. performs light and dark reactions in different cells. |
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