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Geology Ch 7 terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| arkose (p.203) | a mixture of quartz and feldspar grain that have become buried and lithified |
| bed (p.209) | a single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom |
| biochemical sedimentary rocks (p.198) | sedimentary rock formed from material (such as shells) produced by a living organism |
| breccia (p.201) | coarse sedimentary rock consisting of angular fragments; or rocks broken into angular fragments by faulting |
| caliche(calcrete) (p.196) | a solid mass created where calcite cements the soil together |
| cementation (p.200) | the phase of lithification in which the cement, consisting of materials that precipitate from the ground water |
| chemical weathering (p.188) | the chemical reaction that alter or destroy minerals when a rock comes in contact with water solutions or air |
| clastic sedimentary rocks (p.198) | consist of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks |
| clasts (p.199) | rocks created from solid grains |
| coal (p.205) | a black combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon and so differs markedly from the other sedimentary rocks |
| compaction (p.200) | the phase of lithification in which the pressure of the over burden on the buried rock squeezes out water and air that was trapped between clasts, and the coasts press tightly together. |
| conglomerate (p.203) | very coarse grain sedimentary rock consisting of rounded clasts. |
| cross beds (p.211) | distinct interval laminations that are declined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer |
| deposition (p.199) | the process by which sediments settles by the transport if a medium |
| depositional environment (p.214) | condtions in which sediments were deposited |
| diagenesis (p.224) | all the physical, chemical, and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock once that rock was formed |
| dolostone (p.208) | differs from limestone because it contains the mineral dolomite |
| dunes (p.211) | a pile of sand generally formed by deposition of wind |
| erosion (p.199) | the combination of processes that separates rocks or regolith from its substance and carry it away. caused by air, water, or ice. |
| evaporites (p.206) | consquences of evaporation such as salt |
| graded bed (p.212) | a layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top |
| horizons (p.194) | distinct zones that soils develop in |
| joints (p.186) | naturally formed cracks in a rock |
| laterite (p.196) | forms in tropical regions where abundant rain |
| limestone (p.204) | sedimentary rock composed of calcite |
| lithification (p.199) | the transformation of loose sediments into to solid rock through compaction and cementation |
| loam (p.196) | a type of soil consisting of 10 to 30% clay and the rest silt and sand |
| mudstone (p.203) | very fined grained sementary rock that will not be easily split into sheers |
| organic sedimentary rocks (p.198) | sedimentary rock from carbon |
| physical (mechanical) weathering (p.186) | breaks intact rock into unconnected grains or chunks, collectively called debris or detrius. |
| quartz sandstone (p.203) | buried and lithified quartz |
| redbeds (p.215) | the red comes from iron oxide |
| regoliths (p.193) | any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock |
| regression (p.224) | when sea level falls, the coast migrates seaward |
| ripples (ripple marks) (p.211) | relatively small, elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of current flow |
| sandstone (p.199) | quartz and grains cemented together |
| saprolite (p.188) | a layer of rotten rock |
| sediment (p.184) | consist of loose fragment of rocks, minerals broken off bedrock |
| sedimentary basin (p.221) | the sediment filled depression |
| sedimentary rock (p.184) | rock that forms at or near the surface of the earth by precipitation of minerals of water solutions, by the growth of skeletal minerals in organisms |
| sedimentary structure (p.209) | layering of sedimentary rock |
| shale (p.203) | very fine grained sedimentary rock that breaks into thin sheets |
| siltstone (p.203) | fine grained sedimentary rock composed of very small quartz grains. |
| soil (p.193) | sediments that has undergone changes at the surface of the earth, including reactions to rainwater and the addition of organic materials |
| soil erosion (p.198) | the removal of soil by the wind or runoff |
| soil profile (p.194) | a vertical sequence of distinct zones of soils |
| sorting (p.200) | the degree to which sediments have been separated by flowing currents into different size fractions |
| strata (p.209) | several beds together |
| stratigraphic formation (p.210) | a recognizabe formation of a specific sedimentary rock types, deposited during a certain tike interval, that can be traced over a broad region. |
| subsidence (p. 221) | the vertical sinking of the earths surface in a region relative to a reference plane |
| talus (p.187) | a sloping apron of fallen rock along the based of a cliff. |
| transgression (p.224) | the inland migration of shortline resulting from a rise in sea level. |
| travertine (p.207) | rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation out of ground water that has seeped out of the walls of caves |
| turbidite (p.212) | a graded bed of sediment built up at the base of a submarine slope and deposited by turbidity currents |
| turbidity current (p.212) | a submarine avalanche of sediment and water that speeds down a submarine slope. |
| weathering (p.186) | the process that breaks up and corrode solid rock, eventually transforming it into sediment. |
| zone of accumulation (p.193) | the layer of regolith in which new minerals precipitate out of water passing through, thus leaving behind a load of fine clay |
| zone of leaching (p.193) | the layer of regolith in which water dissolves ions and picks up very fine clay; these materials are then carried downward by infiltrating water |
Created by:
r2hudson
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