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metha 2010 chp15
specific immunity and immunization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Third Line of Defense Important Characteristics | specific immunitybecauseresponse to exposure to specific antigens |
| Differences between B-cells and T-cells | B-cellsbone marrow; T-cellsthymusB-cellsintercellular invadersT-cellsintracellular pathogens B-cells make antibodiesT-cells secrete cytokinesT-cells become specialized as Helper T cells (TH1 or TH2) or Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) B-cell immunityhumoral immunit |
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) aka Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex | self molecules a series of glycoproteins known as MHC molecules and found on all cell surfaces except RBCsDifferent classes of MHC genesClass I MHC moleculesHLA Typingtissue typingClass II MHC moleculesan immune functionantigen-presenting cells |
| Antigens | provoke an immune response; Nonself enter respiratory or gastrointestinal mucosa |
| epitopes | specific surface molecular characteristics |
| Haptens | – smaller antigens |
| Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) | primarily macrophages or dendritic cells |
| Lymphocyte Receptors and the Antigen | B-cells have receptors that bind antigensT-cellsbind processed antigensand MHC molecules on APCs that present antigens to them |
| B-cell Response | – The Production of Antibodies: Control of Intercellular Pathogens |
| The Process | red bone marrow in adults and in the liver of the fetus mature and move into the lymph systemepitopesantigenic receptorsself destruct apoptosis in which the cell cuts its genome into pieces the membrane swells and a molecular messageis sent to attract pha |
| Antibody Structure | Y variable region is the immunoglobulin |
| immunoglobulin | IgG IgM IgA IgD and IgE |
| Antibody-Antigen Binding | Tags destruction by phagocytes and complement the antibody itself does not destroy the antigen! |
| Agglutination | phagocytosis by grouping together antigens |
| Opsonization | coating antigen with antibody |
| Neutralization | blocks adhesion blocks toxin |
| Complement fixation | cytolysis MAC (membrane attack channel) |
| Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) | A mouse spleen cell is fused with a cancer cellobtain hybrid cellsdesired antibodytissue culturepurificationsupply of antibodieshuman MAbs |
| T-cells Response | – Control of Intracellular Pathogens |
| T-cell Maturation: | CD receptorsrecognizing ONLY presented APC with MHC moleculesCD4 – THCD8– TC |
| Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells | Cytokines |
| Interleukins | communicate b/t leukocytes |
| Chemokines | causes leukocytes to move to infected areas |
| Interferons | viral infection |
| Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) | target tumor cellsColony Stimulating Factor formation of blood cells (WBCs and RBCs) |
| T cells | thymus |
| Types of T cells and their relationships to immune function | Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) primarily macrophages or dendritic cells major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Helper T Cells (TH) |
| Helper T Cells (TH) | use their cytokines to influence other immune system cells |
| TH1 cells | – activate cells related to cellular immu |
| TH2 cells | – activate B cells |
| The interaction of APC and TH | TH cell binds to the MHC/Ag complexInterleukin-1--Interleukin-1 stimulates the TH cell to produce Interleukin-2clones---cloned TH cells produce cytokines |
| Cytotoxic T cells (TC) | – kill viral-infected cells on contact-- perforin |
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) | can lyse virus-infected cells and tumor cells |
| Naturally Acquired | Active through infection Passive to the newborn |
| Artificially Acquired | Active through vaccination Inactivated toxins or inactivated pathogens Attenuated pathogens Parts of pathogens active pathogen Passive immunoglobulin injections |
| Antibodies known collectively as | immunoglobulins (Ig) |
| IgG | Most common Presence indicates a previous infection |
| IgM | pentamer Higher than normal levels indicate a current infection |
| IgA | Localized protection on mucosal surfaces |
| IgD | Presence on B cells functions in initiation of immune response |
| IgE | Allergic reactions; possible lysis of parasitic worms |
Created by:
erjlkj
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