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13Bio5785
CU intro to bio: lecture 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gene? | is a specific region along the DNA (or a linear stretch of DNA nucleotides�) that codes for a protein. Specifically, genes determine the sequence of amino acids that will be assembled into a polypeptide chain |
| Protein synthesis | Going from a gene to a Protein |
| how do you go from a gene to a protein? (two steps) | Transcription to Translation |
| Transcription.... | molecules of RNA are produced on the DNA templates. This occurs in the nucleus of the cell |
| translation.... | |
| RNA? what makes this different than DNA? what are the three different types of RNA? | RNA is Ribonucleic Acid... it has one more oxygen than DNA. Messenger RNA... Ribosomal RNA... Transfer RNA. |
| Messenger RNA | (mRNA)- carry the "blueprint" for protein assembly to the ribosome.n |
| Ribosomal RNA | (rRNA)- combine with proteins to form ribosomes. These are the sites of polypeptide assembly. |
| Transfer RNA | (tRNA)- bring the correct amino acid to the ribosomes. tRNA pair up with the mRNA to insert the correct amino acid in the sequence.P |
| WHat are the 4 Nucleotide bases for RNA? | A: Adenine U: uracil C: Cytosine G: Guanine |
| How many strands does RNA have? | one meaning it is single stranded |
| Transcription is different from DNA Replication how? | 1. Only one area of the DNA strand is used, and only one of the strands in that area is used, not both. 2. RNA polymerase is used, not DNA polymerase |
| Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region... then moves to the end of the gene. what is the result of this? is it ready for translation then? | RNA transcript, no it is not ready, it has to go through finishing touches first. |
| what are the Finishing touches of mRNA? | 1the 5' end is "Capped" w/ special nucleotide: start signal 2A "Poly-A-Tail"(100-200 molecules of adenine) is added to the 3' end 3:Then introns are cut out exons are spliced together. producing a mature transcript |
| What is the catch phrase associated with the finishing touches of mRNA? | Cut, capped, and Tailed |
| Exons? | are the actual coding regions of a mRNA transcript |
| Introns? | the non coding regions of a mRNA transcript |
| What happens after Transcription? | Once the mRNA has been snipped, capped and tailed, (now a mature mRNA) it is ushered out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to eventually connect with a ribosome. It is within the ribosome that translation takes place |
| The instructions of a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein. is what? | The Genetic Code: |
| A linear sequence of three nucleotide bases (or the 3-letter "words" as they have been called above) are known as | CODON and specifies which AA is to be included into a growing polypeptide chain. |
| A complete set of Codons is also known as? | the genetic code |
| how many possible codons are there? | There are 64 possible codons. |
| 61 codons of 64 do what? 3 codons of 64 do what? | 61: code for AA. 3: code for STOP codons that signal the end of a polypeptide synthesis and releases the polypeptide chain |
| what is the only codon that can start a polypeptide chain of AA? | AUG and is called methionine. (Methionine can also be found within a polypeptide chain just like any other AA, but it is the only one that can begin a chain.) |
| HOw many AA are there? | There are only 20 AA, so some codons code for the same AA. |
| ToF: THe genetic code is universal for all forms of life.... | TRUE: With few exceptions, the genetic code is universal for all forms of life. |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) is | The AA transport molecule |
| ToF: There are 64 different tRNA, which correspond to the 61 different non-stop codons. | False: each tRNA has an anti-codon that is complementary to an mRNA codon; and each of the 61 tRNA carries one specific AA |
| WHere do the tRNAs pick up their AAs? | each tRNA picks up its AA from a pool of free-floating AAs and carries it to the corresponding area on the mRNA transcript |
| how do the AA become a Polypeptide chain? | They are attached together in a pre-organized sequence which is in the mRNA strand. |
| What comes together in the cytoplasm during protein synthesis? | The mRNA, ribosome, and tRNA all come together |
| Anticodon? | the anticodon on a tRNA bonds to the codon on the mRNA, and thus the correct amino acid is brought into place. (Recall that the first AA brought will be a methionine.) |
| The wobble effect? | The Wobble Effect allows for some latitude in the 3rd anticodon position. Whereas the first two bases of the anticodon must pair up with the codon by the usual rules of base pairing. **there is some latitude in the pairing of the third base.** |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are.. | Key components of the ribosomes |
| What is the ribosome made up of? | Each ribosome has two subunits (a large and a small subunit), which are each composed of rRNA and proteins |
| Where are the ribosomal subunits synthesized? | These subunits are synthesized in the nucleus of the cell (in the nucleolus) |
| ToF: when the rRNA subunits are transported into the CYtoplasm from the nucleolus, they are attached together during translation and are not separated after that? | FALSE: they are transported into the cytoplasm and join together only during translation. Once the polypeptide chain is synthesized, the rRNA subunits disassociate. |
| STAGES OF TRANSLATION? | Initiation.... Elongation... Termination... |
| Initiation? | the process by which the tRNA/Ribosomal/mRNA complex is formed. The sequence of aggregation is as follows: initiator tRNA + small ribosomal subunit + mRNA + large ribosomal subunit |
| Elongation? | The process by which the polypeptide chain lengthens The start codon on mRNA defines the reading frame A caravan of tRNA delivers AA in the appropriate sequence via codon-anticodon matching A peptide bond joins each AA to the next AA in sequence. |
| Termination? | The process by which the polypeptide chain is released from the RNA transcript. A stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide chain is released into the cytoplasm or enters the cytomembrane system (e.g. rough ER) for further processing |
| What is a polysome? | An mRNA with several ribosomal complexes each undergoing translation is referred to as a polysome |
| A gene mutation is | a random change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. This could include just 1 nucleotide, or several nucleotides; nucleotide bases can be added, deleted, or replaced |
| what are some mutagens of protein synthesis? | :viruses, ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals.R |
| spontaneous mutations | These occur in the absence of mutagens and are usually due to errors in the normal functioning of cellular enzymes |
| Examples of mutations include | single base-pair substitutions frame-shift mutations an insertion or deletion that causes the reading frame to be out of phase transposable elements regions of DNA that "jump" to new locations in DNA< |
Created by:
jseekins
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