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Ankle Jt & foot CH19
Ankle joint and foot
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the bony landmarks of the Tibia? | Crest (line down the midline of shin?, medial malleolus, and tibial head (on top) |
| What are the bony landmarks of the Fibula? | Lateral malleolus, and fibular head |
| Where is the Calcaneal Tuberosity? | Heel; projection on the posterior inferior surface of the calcaneus |
| Where is the Sustentaculum tali? | Medial and superior part projecting out of the calcaneus |
| Where is the Talus? | Tarsal bone (sits on calcaneus) |
| Navicular | Medial, distal to talus, proximal to 3 cuniforms |
| Navicular tuberosity is found lateral or medial? | Medial (because the bone is on the medial side of the foot) |
| Cuboid | Lateral side, distal to calcaneus, proximal to the 4th /5th metatarsals |
| Cuneiforms | 1st - most medial to 1st metatarsal; 2nd = 2nd metatarsal; 3rd = 3rd metatarsal |
| Metatarsals | 1-5; 5th tuberosity laterally |
| Phalanx (phalanges) | Proximal (middle) distal (no middle for big toe = Hallux |
| What is the functional division for the forefoot? | Metatarsals & phalanges |
| What is the functional division for the midfoot? | Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms (3) |
| What is the functional division for the hindfoot? | Talus & Calcaneus |
| Joint motion for plantarflexion | Foot down toward the floor |
| Joint motion for dorsiflexion | Foot toward the ceiling |
| Joint motion for inversion | Toe in and increased arch |
| Joint motion for eversion | Toe out and decreased arch |
| Joint motion for abduction | Forefoot out |
| Joint motion for adduction | Forefoot in |
| Joint motion for supination | inversion with adduction & plantarflexion (medial) |
| Joint motion for pronation | eversion with abduction & dorsiflexion (lateral) |
| Valgus | Distal end moves laterally and occurs @ calcaneus |
| Varus | Distal end moves medially and occurs @ calcaneus |
| What joint is formed by the head of fibula and the posterior/lateral aspect of tibia? | Superior tibiofibular joint |
| What joint is formed by the concave distal tibia & convex distal fibula? | Inferior tibiofibular joint |
| Which tibofibular joint is not snovial and does not have a joint capsule? | Inferior tibiofibular joint |
| Which tibiofibular joint is uniaxial, has planar movements, interosseous membrane supposts and ligaments of joint support the joint? | Superior tibiofibular joint |
| Which ankle bone is convex in both tibiofibular joints? | Fibula |
| Why does the ankle have planar motion? | The sliding of the fibula allows the head of the talus to move in and out of the space formed by the tibia and fibula. |
| What bones make up the talocrural or talotibial joint? | Distal tibia - medial malleolus & the distal fibula - lateral malleolus with the talus tendon |
| What movements happen at the talocrural joint? | Plantarflexion & dorsiflexion |
| True or False, the talocrural is a uniaxial joint and has only one degree of freedom? | True |
| ROM for the talocrural in PF? | 50 degrees |
| ROM for the talocrural in DF? | 20 degrees |
| Due to the axis of the talocrural not being in one plane but in all 3 planes, what is it called? | Triplanar |
| Closed packed position for the talocrural joint? | Full dorsiflexion |
| What is another name for the subtalor joint? | Talocalcaneal joint |
| What kind of motion happens at the subtalar joint? | Gliding motions |
| In the midfoot, the combination of inversion & eversion happen with what joint? | Transverse tarsal joint |
| The combination of the joints from which area of the LE allow for great adaptations to conform to varied, graded, and unlevel ground surfaces? | The joints of the ankle and foot |
| What are the motions of the MTP joints? | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction |
| Which MTP joint has 45 degrees of flexion and 70 degrees of hyperextension? | The 1st MTP |
| What is the motion that is crucial for gait w/the first MTP? | Hyperextension |
| What is the order of the joints for the 2nd-5th digits? | MTP, PIP & DIP |
| WHat is the order of the joints for the 1st digit? | MTP & IP |
| Which toes have 3 joints? | 2-5 |
| Which toes have 2 joints? | 1, great toe |
| Describe the ankle joint capsule | Thin, anterior & posterior and supported medially & laterally with ligaments |
| Which ankle ligament is 4-sided? | Deltoid |
| All of the tibular ligaments of the ankle are found medially or laterally? | Tibia = medial |
| All of the fibular ligaments of the ankle are found medially or laterally? | Fibula = lateral |
| Name the 4 ligaments of the medial side of the ankle? | (Anterior) tibionavicular, (middle) tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar, and (Deep) anterior tibiotalar |
| What are the 3 functions of the medial ligaments of the ankle? | Support the medial side of the ankle joint; to hold the calcaneus & navicular against the talus; holds the medial longitudial arch |
| Where and what does the tibionavicular connect? | Anterior, to the navicular bone of the foot |
| Where and what does the tibiocalcaneal connect? | Middle, to the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus |
| Where and what does the posterior tibiotalar connect? | Posterior, to the talus |
| Where and what does the anterior tibiotalar connect? | Deep, to the talus |
| Name the 3 ligaments of the lateral side of the ankle? | Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, abd calcanealfibular (middle) |
| Which lateral ankle ligament is most often torn because it's the weakest? | Anterior talofibular |
| Which is the strongest lateral ankle ligament? | Posterior talofibular |
| What is the function of teh lateral ankle ligaments? | Connect the fibula to the lateral malleolus |
| What are the function of the arches of the foot? | Shock absorbtion and weight bearing (calcaneus to 1st-5th MT heads) |
| What bone is the keystone (top) of the medial longitudial arch? | Talus |
| Name the bones posterior to anterior in the medial longitudial arch? | Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, 1-3 Cuneiforms and 1-2 MT |
| Name the bones posterior to anterior in the lateral longitudial arch? | Calcaneus, Cuboid and 4-5 MT |
| What happens to the lateral longitudial arch with weight bearing? | It flattens |
| What happens to the medial longitudial arch with weight bearing? | depresses & never normally flat |
| Transverse Arch | Runs side to side through the 3 Cuneiforms and Cuboid |
| What bone is the keystone of the transverse arch? | 2nd Cuneiform |
| What is another name for the Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament? | Spring Ligament |
| What is the function and description of the spring ligament? | Short, wide, and supports the medial portion of the longitudimal arch. |
| Which ligament is the primary support for the longitudinal arch? | Long plantar ligament |
| What is the location of the long plantar ligament? | Calcaneus to cuboid and then to 3,4,5th MT |
| Which ligament assists the long plantar ligament? | Short plantar ligament |
| What is the location of the short plantar ligament? | Calcaneus to cuboid |
| Which ligament supports the arches, and increases the stability of the foot? | Plantar Aponeuroses |
| What is the location of the plantar aponeurosis ligament? | Calcaneus to proximal phalanges |
| Describe shin splints | Exercise induced @ medial tibia (lower 1/2 tibia); inflammation of the periosteum; overuse; running -poor shock absorption (hard surface, tip toes, and jumping) |
| Plantigrade | Normal foot; @ 90 degrees angle to shin |
| What is another name for horse's foot/hindfoot in PF (walkking on toes)? | Equinus |
| What do you call a foot fixed in dorsiflexion? | Calcaneus foot |
| What do you call a foot with an abnormally high arch (like the opening of a cave)? | Pes Cavus |
| What do you call a foot with a decreased arch? | Pes Planus |
| What is another name for bunions (distal end more lateral)? | Hallux Valgus |
| What is another name for a stiff MTP (1st) | Hallux Rigidus |
| What does hammer toe look like? | DIP extension, PIP flexion, and MTP extension (toes 2-5) |
| What does mallet toe look like? | DIP flexion, PIP extension, MTP extension (toes 2-5) |
| What does claw toe look like? | DIP flexion, PIP flexion, MTP extension (toes 2-5) |
| What is metatarsalgia (algia = pain)? | Metatarsal heads pain (walking in high heals) |
| What is Morton's neuroma (bundle of nerves)? | Increased pressure of plantar digital nerves 3-4 MT, increased pain, increased numbness and increased pain with activity |
| WHat is turf toe? | Hyperextension of 1st MTP (sports players) |
| What ligaments are affected with an ankle sprain? | Lateral ligaments (inversion sprain) is the most common |
| The medial or lateral malleolus is most commonly involved with ankle fractures? | Lateral |
| Ankle fractures usuall happen how? | trip or fall from height and with twisting force |
| What do you call an overuse injury, with pain in the heel (plantar surface) @ attachment to calcaneus | Plantar fascitius |
| What is a pre-cursor to AT rupture? | Achilles tendonitis |
| What does arthrodesis mean? | Fusion of a joint |
| What joints are involved with triple arthrodesis? | Talocalcaneal (subtalor) jt, calcaneocuboid jt, talonavicular jt |
| What function does triple arthrodesis serve? | Provides medial and lateral stability |
| What movement do you lose with triple arthrodesis? | Inversion & eversion |
| What movement can you still do with triple arthrodesis? | Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion |
| Name the posterior muscles of the calf? | Gastronemius, soleus, plantaris |
| Name the deep posterior muscles of the calf? | Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus |
| Name the anterior muscles of the calf? | Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus |
| Name the lateral muscles of the calf? | Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius |
Created by:
srussel
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