Ankle joint and foot
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| What are the bony landmarks of the Tibia? | Crest (line down the midline of shin?, medial malleolus, and tibial head (on top)
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| What are the bony landmarks of the Fibula? | Lateral malleolus, and fibular head
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| Where is the Calcaneal Tuberosity? | Heel; projection on the posterior inferior surface of the calcaneus
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| Where is the Sustentaculum tali? | Medial and superior part projecting out of the calcaneus
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| Where is the Talus? | Tarsal bone (sits on calcaneus)
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| Navicular | Medial, distal to talus, proximal to 3 cuniforms
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| Navicular tuberosity is found lateral or medial? | Medial (because the bone is on the medial side of the foot)
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| Cuboid | Lateral side, distal to calcaneus, proximal to the 4th /5th metatarsals
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| Cuneiforms | 1st - most medial to 1st metatarsal; 2nd = 2nd metatarsal; 3rd = 3rd metatarsal
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| Metatarsals | 1-5; 5th tuberosity laterally
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| Phalanx (phalanges) | Proximal (middle) distal (no middle for big toe = Hallux
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| What is the functional division for the forefoot? | Metatarsals & phalanges
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| What is the functional division for the midfoot? | Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms (3)
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| What is the functional division for the hindfoot? | Talus & Calcaneus
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| Joint motion for plantarflexion | Foot down toward the floor
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| Joint motion for dorsiflexion | Foot toward the ceiling
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| Joint motion for inversion | Toe in and increased arch
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| Joint motion for eversion | Toe out and decreased arch
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| Joint motion for abduction | Forefoot out
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| Joint motion for adduction | Forefoot in
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| Joint motion for supination | inversion with adduction & plantarflexion (medial)
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| Joint motion for pronation | eversion with abduction & dorsiflexion (lateral)
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| Valgus | Distal end moves laterally and occurs @ calcaneus
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| Varus | Distal end moves medially and occurs @ calcaneus
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| What joint is formed by the head of fibula and the posterior/lateral aspect of tibia? | Superior tibiofibular joint
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| What joint is formed by the concave distal tibia & convex distal fibula? | Inferior tibiofibular joint
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| Which tibofibular joint is not snovial and does not have a joint capsule? | Inferior tibiofibular joint
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| Which tibiofibular joint is uniaxial, has planar movements, interosseous membrane supposts and ligaments of joint support the joint? | Superior tibiofibular joint
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| Which ankle bone is convex in both tibiofibular joints? | Fibula
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| Why does the ankle have planar motion? | The sliding of the fibula allows the head of the talus to move in and out of the space formed by the tibia and fibula.
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| What bones make up the talocrural or talotibial joint? | Distal tibia - medial malleolus & the distal fibula - lateral malleolus with the talus tendon
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| What movements happen at the talocrural joint? | Plantarflexion & dorsiflexion
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| True or False, the talocrural is a uniaxial joint and has only one degree of freedom? | True
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| ROM for the talocrural in PF? | 50 degrees
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| ROM for the talocrural in DF? | 20 degrees
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| Due to the axis of the talocrural not being in one plane but in all 3 planes, what is it called? | Triplanar
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| Closed packed position for the talocrural joint? | Full dorsiflexion
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| What is another name for the subtalor joint? | Talocalcaneal joint
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| What kind of motion happens at the subtalar joint? | Gliding motions
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| In the midfoot, the combination of inversion & eversion happen with what joint? | Transverse tarsal joint
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| The combination of the joints from which area of the LE allow for great adaptations to conform to varied, graded, and unlevel ground surfaces? | The joints of the ankle and foot
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| What are the motions of the MTP joints? | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
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| Which MTP joint has 45 degrees of flexion and 70 degrees of hyperextension? | The 1st MTP
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| What is the motion that is crucial for gait w/the first MTP? | Hyperextension
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| What is the order of the joints for the 2nd-5th digits? | MTP, PIP & DIP
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| WHat is the order of the joints for the 1st digit? | MTP & IP
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| Which toes have 3 joints? | 2-5
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| Which toes have 2 joints? | 1, great toe
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| Describe the ankle joint capsule | Thin, anterior & posterior and supported medially & laterally with ligaments
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| Which ankle ligament is 4-sided? | Deltoid
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| All of the tibular ligaments of the ankle are found medially or laterally? | Tibia = medial
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| All of the fibular ligaments of the ankle are found medially or laterally? | Fibula = lateral
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| Name the 4 ligaments of the medial side of the ankle? | (Anterior) tibionavicular, (middle) tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar, and (Deep) anterior tibiotalar
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| What are the 3 functions of the medial ligaments of the ankle? | Support the medial side of the ankle joint; to hold the calcaneus & navicular against the talus; holds the medial longitudial arch
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| Where and what does the tibionavicular connect? | Anterior, to the navicular bone of the foot
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| Where and what does the tibiocalcaneal connect? | Middle, to the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus
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| Where and what does the posterior tibiotalar connect? | Posterior, to the talus
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| Where and what does the anterior tibiotalar connect? | Deep, to the talus
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| Name the 3 ligaments of the lateral side of the ankle? | Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, abd calcanealfibular (middle)
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| Which lateral ankle ligament is most often torn because it's the weakest? | Anterior talofibular
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| Which is the strongest lateral ankle ligament? | Posterior talofibular
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| What is the function of teh lateral ankle ligaments? | Connect the fibula to the lateral malleolus
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| What are the function of the arches of the foot? | Shock absorbtion and weight bearing (calcaneus to 1st-5th MT heads)
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| What bone is the keystone (top) of the medial longitudial arch? | Talus
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| Name the bones posterior to anterior in the medial longitudial arch? | Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, 1-3 Cuneiforms and 1-2 MT
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| Name the bones posterior to anterior in the lateral longitudial arch? | Calcaneus, Cuboid and 4-5 MT
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| What happens to the lateral longitudial arch with weight bearing? | It flattens
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| What happens to the medial longitudial arch with weight bearing? | depresses & never normally flat
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| Transverse Arch | Runs side to side through the 3 Cuneiforms and Cuboid
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| What bone is the keystone of the transverse arch? | 2nd Cuneiform
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| What is another name for the Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament? | Spring Ligament
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| What is the function and description of the spring ligament? | Short, wide, and supports the medial portion of the longitudimal arch.
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| Which ligament is the primary support for the longitudinal arch? | Long plantar ligament
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| What is the location of the long plantar ligament? | Calcaneus to cuboid and then to 3,4,5th MT
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| Which ligament assists the long plantar ligament? | Short plantar ligament
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| What is the location of the short plantar ligament? | Calcaneus to cuboid
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| Which ligament supports the arches, and increases the stability of the foot? | Plantar Aponeuroses
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| What is the location of the plantar aponeurosis ligament? | Calcaneus to proximal phalanges
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| Describe shin splints | Exercise induced @ medial tibia (lower 1/2 tibia); inflammation of the periosteum; overuse; running -poor shock absorption (hard surface, tip toes, and jumping)
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| Plantigrade | Normal foot; @ 90 degrees angle to shin
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| What is another name for horse's foot/hindfoot in PF (walkking on toes)? | Equinus
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| What do you call a foot fixed in dorsiflexion? | Calcaneus foot
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| What do you call a foot with an abnormally high arch (like the opening of a cave)? | Pes Cavus
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| What do you call a foot with a decreased arch? | Pes Planus
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| What is another name for bunions (distal end more lateral)? | Hallux Valgus
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| What is another name for a stiff MTP (1st) | Hallux Rigidus
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| What does hammer toe look like? | DIP extension, PIP flexion, and MTP extension (toes 2-5)
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| What does mallet toe look like? | DIP flexion, PIP extension, MTP extension (toes 2-5)
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| What does claw toe look like? | DIP flexion, PIP flexion, MTP extension (toes 2-5)
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| What is metatarsalgia (algia = pain)? | Metatarsal heads pain (walking in high heals)
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| What is Morton's neuroma (bundle of nerves)? | Increased pressure of plantar digital nerves 3-4 MT, increased pain, increased numbness and increased pain with activity
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| WHat is turf toe? | Hyperextension of 1st MTP (sports players)
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| What ligaments are affected with an ankle sprain? | Lateral ligaments (inversion sprain) is the most common
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| The medial or lateral malleolus is most commonly involved with ankle fractures? | Lateral
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| Ankle fractures usuall happen how? | trip or fall from height and with twisting force
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| What do you call an overuse injury, with pain in the heel (plantar surface) @ attachment to calcaneus | Plantar fascitius
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| What is a pre-cursor to AT rupture? | Achilles tendonitis
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| What does arthrodesis mean? | Fusion of a joint
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| What joints are involved with triple arthrodesis? | Talocalcaneal (subtalor) jt, calcaneocuboid jt, talonavicular jt
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| What function does triple arthrodesis serve? | Provides medial and lateral stability
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| What movement do you lose with triple arthrodesis? | Inversion & eversion
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| What movement can you still do with triple arthrodesis? | Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
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| Name the posterior muscles of the calf? | Gastronemius, soleus, plantaris
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| Name the deep posterior muscles of the calf? | Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
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| Name the anterior muscles of the calf? | Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
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| Name the lateral muscles of the calf? | Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius
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