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Growth Responses
Ch. 36; Growth Responses and Regulation of Growth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Development | all the changes that take place during the entire life of an individual, is genetic |
| sormancy | a state of temporary reduced physiological activity |
| hormones | organic compounds that are present in very low concentrations in plant tissues and that act as highly specific chemical signals between cells |
| germination | when a seed sprouts |
| imhibition | the absorption of water by a dry seed |
| coleoptile | a pecial sheath of cells that surrounds and protects the young shoot |
| indeterminate growth | the ability to grow indefinitely, hypothetically stems and roots could grow like this |
| determinate growth | stop growing after they reach a certain size |
| photoperiodism | any response of a plant to the relative lengths of daylight and darkness |
| short-day plants | (also long night plants) flower then the night length is equal to or greater than some critical period |
| long-day plants | (also short night plants) flower when the night length is equal to or less then some critical period |
| intermediate day plants | flower when they are exposed to days and nights of intermediate |
| day neutral plants | do not initiate flowering response to seasonal changes in the period of daylight and darkness but instead to other stimuli |
| phytochrome | a family of five or so green or blue green pigment proteins, each of which is coded for by a different gene |
| shade avoidance | many plants compete for light by growing taller when closely surrounded by other plants |
| Rubisco | an enzyme involved in photosynthesis |
| signal transduction | pathways that amplify the original signal and ultimately result in a physiological or developmental response |
| transcription factor | a gene that is activated in order to produce a specific protein |
| circadian rhythms | daily circles that help the organism determine night and day |
| sleep movements | when there is no light, beans reside in a different configuration then when there is light |
| cryptochrome | a photoreceptor, a blue light absorbing pigment which helps determine the biological clock |
| nastic movements | sudden changes in response to external stimuli |
| tropism | a directional growth response |
| phototropism | the directional growth of a plant caused by light |
| gravitropism | growing away from the center of the earth |
| amyloplasts | special cells in the root cap possess starch-containing cells |
| thigmotropism | growth in response to mechanical stimulus, such as contact with a solid object |
| heliotropism | solar tracking, the ability of leaves or flowers to follow the suns movements across the sky |
| auxin | promotes cell elongation |
| indoleactic acid (IAA) | the most important plant hormone |
| apical dominance | the inhibition of axillary bud growth by the apical meristem |
| gibberellin | involved in bolting, the rapid elongation of a floral stalk that occurs naturally in many plants when they initiate flowering |
| cytokinin | induces cytokinesis |
| senescence | delays the aging process |
| ethylene | inhibits cell elongation, promotes the germination of seeds, promotes apical dominance, and is ivolved in plant responses to wounding or invasion by disease-causing microorganisms |
| thigmomorphogenisis | developmental responses to mechanical stimuli |
| abscisic acid | involved in seed dormancy and in plants response to stress |
| brassinolides | a group of steroid hormones |
| salicylic acid | help plants defend against insect pests and pathogens |
| systemin | a small polypeptide, stimulates natural defense mechanisms at extremely low concentrations, as low as one part per trillion |
| oligosaccharins | cell wall carbohydrate fragments that are antimicrobial in nature |
| jasmonates | produced in response to the presence of insect pests and disease causing organisms |
| florigen | flower promoting substance |
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