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Flowering plants
Ch. 35; Reproduction in FLowering Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| angiosperms | flowering plants |
| alternation of generations | spend a portion of lifecycle as a sporophyte and a portion as a gametophyte |
| gametophyte generation | haploid, gives rise to gametes through mitosis |
| sporophyte generation | diploid, produces haploid spores through meiosis |
| receptacle | the tip of the stalk, on which some or all of the flower parts are born |
| sepals | constitute the outermost and lowest whorl on a floral shoot, cover and protect the flower parts when the flower is a bud |
| calyx | all of the sepals of a flower |
| petals | broad, flat, and thin, trememdously varied in shape and frequently brightly colored for attracting pollinators |
| corolla | all of the petals in a flower |
| stamens | the male reproductive organs of a flowering plant |
| filament | the thin stalk going up to the anther |
| anther | the top of the stamen, a saclike structure in which pollen grains form |
| pollen tube | through which the sperm cells travel to reach the ovule |
| carpels | the female reproductive organs |
| ovules | the structures with the potential to develop into seeds |
| pistil | the collective female part of a flowering plant |
| stigma | the top of a pistil, where pollen lands |
| style | a necklike structure through which pollen tubes grow |
| ovary | a juglike structure that contains one or more ovules and that has the potential to develop into a fruit |
| megaspores | each young ovule within an ovary contains a megasporocyte, which undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores |
| embryo sac | a functional megaspore, produces a multicellular female gametophyte |
| polar nuclei | the central cell of an embryo sac. containing two nuclei |
| microspores | pollen sacs produce these from microsporocytes |
| tube cell | the cell which creates the pollen tube |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma |
| Cross-pollinated | when pollen grains are transferred from one species to another |
| self incompatibility | a genetic condition in which the pollen cannot cause fertilization in the same flower or in other flowers on the same plant |
| coevolution | describes mutual adaptation |
| endosperm | the triploid tissue with nutritive and hormonal functions that surrounds the developing embryonic plant in a seed |
| double fertilization | a fertilization in which two separate cell fusions occur |
| seed | a young plant embryo complete with stored nutrients in a compact package, which develops from the ovule after fertilization |
| suspensor | a multicellular structure that anchors the embryo and aids in nutrient uptake from the endosperm |
| seed coat | the tough, protective layer of a seed |
| integuments | the outermost layers of an ovule |
| radicle | a short embryonic root |
| cotyledons | one or two seed leaves |
| hypocotyl | the short portion of the embryonic shoot connecting the radicle to one or two cotyledons |
| plumule | the shoot apex or terminal bud, located above the point of attachment of the cotyledons |
| fruit | the ovary develops into this and encases the seeds inside of it for dispersal |
| simple fruit | develops from a single pistil |
| berry | a fleshy fruit that has soft tissues throughout and contains few to many seeds |
| drupe | simple, fleshy fruit that contains a hard, stony pit |
| follicle | simple dry fruit, splits open along one suture to release its seeds |
| legume | simple dry fruit that splits open along two sutures to release its seeds |
| grains | each fruit contains a single seed |
| achene | simple and dry, fruit wall is separate from the seed coat |
| Nuts | simple, dry fruits that have a stony wall and do not split open at maturity |
| aggregate fruit | formed from a single flower that contains several to many seperate carpels |
| multiple fruit | formed from the ovaries of many flowers that grow in proximity on a common floral stalk |
| accessory fruits | other plant tissues in addition to ovary tissues are included in the fruit |
| tubers | fleshy underground stems enlarged for food storage |
| Bulb | modified underground bud in which fleshy storage leaves are attached to a short stem |
| Corm | very short erect underground that superficially resembles a bulb |
| Stolons | horizontal above-ground stems that grow along the surface and are characterized by long internodes |
| plantlets | small plants |
| suckers | above ground shoots that develop from adventitious buds on the roots |
| apomixis | when flowering plants produce embryos in seeds without meiosis and the fusion of gametes |
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