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Roots and Minerals
Ch. 34; Roots and Mineral Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| taproot | one main root and with many lateral roots of various sizes coming out of it |
| fibrous root | many roots of the same size developing from the end of the stem |
| adventitious | main roots on a fibrous stem, because they do not arise from existing roots |
| root cap | a protective, thimble-like layer many cells thick that covers the delicate root apical meristem |
| root hairs | short-lived tubular extensions of single epidermal cells located just behind the growing root tip |
| cortex | primarily composed of loosely packed parenchyma cells, comprise the herbaceous dicot root |
| endodermis | regulates the movement of nutrient minerals that enter the xylem in the roots interior |
| casparian strip | endodermal cells fit snuggly together, in this specific bandlike region |
| apoplast | consists of the interconnected porous cell walls of a plant, along which water moves freely |
| symplast | continuum of living cytoplasm, which is connected from one cell to the next by plasmodesmata |
| stele | a central cylinder of vascular tissues at the center of a dicot primary root |
| xylem | the center most tissue of the stele, often has two, three, four or more extensions, or xylem arms |
| vascular cambium | gives rise to the secondary tissues, is between the xylem and phloem |
| pith | a ground tissue found in the centers of many stems and roots |
| buttress roots | swollen bases and braces, which hold a tree upright and aids in the extensive distribution of shallow roots |
| pneumatophores | aerial "breathing" roots, assist in getting oxygen to the submerged roots |
| contractile roots | grow into the soil and then contract, thus pulling the corm or bulb deeper into the soil |
| mycorrhizae | mutualistic relationships between roots and fungi which allow efficient transfer of minerals to roots |
| nodules | swellings which house millions of the rhizobia developing |
| cell signaling | exchange of signal molecules |
| weathering processes | when rocks are gradually broken down into smaller and smaller particles by biological, chemical, and physical processes |
| humus | a mix of many organic molecules which binds nutrient mineral ions and holds water |
| leaching | the removal of dissolved material from the soil through percolating of water |
| illuviation | the deposition of leached materials in the lower levels of soil |
| Acid precipitation | acid rain |
| macronutrients | carbon, hydrogen , oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfar, and silicon, required largely by plants in large quantities |
| micronutrients | not required all that much for plant growth |
| limiting resources | whichever resource is in the lowest supply and therefore limits the plants growth |
| salination | when proper runoff does not happen, so salt accumulates in soil, resulting in decreased growth |
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