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Seed Plants
ch. 27; the Plant kingdom: Seed Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| seeds | embryonic sporophyte and nutritice tissue surrounded by a protective coat |
| seed coat | multicellular thick and hard layer around the seed |
| ovule | megasporangium and its enclosed structures, and where seeds develop from |
| integuments | layers of sporophyte tissue surrounding and enclosing the megasporangium |
| gymnosperms | one of the groups of seed plants seeds are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cones |
| angiosperms | seeds enclosed by a vessel or case |
| xylem | vascular tissue for the conduction of water and dissolved nutrient minerals |
| phloem | for the conduction of dissolved sugar, vascular tissue |
| alternation of generations | spend a portion of their life in the diploid sporophyte stage and a portion in the dominant haploid gametophyte stage |
| conifers | (phylum coniferophyta) include pines, spruces, hemlocks, and firs, are the most familiar group of gymnosperms |
| tracheids | long, tapering cells with pits through which water and dissolved nutrient minerals move from one cell to another |
| resin | viscous, clear or translucent substance consisting of several organic compounds that may protect the plant from attack by fungi or insects |
| needles | commonly long and narrow, tough, and leathery, conifer leaves |
| monoecious | have seperate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant |
| sporophylls | leaflike structures that bear sporangia on the underside |
| microsporangia | are at the base of each sporophyll, which contain numerous microsporocytes |
| microsporocytes | microspore mother cells |
| microspores | then develop into extremely reduced male gametophytes |
| pollen grain | immature male gametophyte |
| megasporangia | each cone scale bears one of these on its upper surface |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen to the female cones |
| pollen tube | an outgrowth that digests its way through the megasporangium to the egg within the archegonium |
| fertilization | when a sperm cell fuses with an egg |
| cycads | (phylum cyadophyta) tropical and subtropical plants with stout trunklike stems and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns |
| dioecious | having seed cones on female plants and pollen cones on male plants |
| ginkgo | (phylum ginkgophyta) represented by a single living species, the maidenhair tree |
| gnetophytes | (phylum gnetophyta) consists of about 70 species in three diverse genera (have excellent water vessels) |
| vessel elements | efficient water-conducting cells in gnetophytes |
| flowering plants or angiosperms | (phylum anthophyta) vascular plants that reproduce sexually by forming flowers and produce seeds within fruits |
| sieve tube members | sugar conducting cells |
| monocots | (phylum anthophyta) herabceous plants with long narrow leaves that have parallel veins. floral parts in threes |
| cotyledon | embryonic seed leaf |
| endosperm | a nutritive tissue is usually present in the mature seed |
| dicots | (phylum anthophyta) broader leaves then monocots, have netted veins, flowering ovvurs in groups of fours or fives |
| peduncle | the end of a flower stalk |
| inflorescence | cluster of flowers |
| complete | having all four parts of a flower |
| incomplete | lacking 1-3 parts of a complete flower |
| perfect | a flower with both stamens and carpels |
| imperfect flower | flower with either stamens or carpels but not both |
| sepals | make up the lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot, are leaflike in appearance and often green |
| calyx | collective term for all sepals of a flower |
| petals | broad, flat, and thin (like sepals and leaves) |
| corolla | collectively the petals of a flower |
| stamens | thin stalks, called filaments and a saclike anther |
| anther | where meiosis occurs to form microspores that develop into pollen grains |
| carpels | the female reproductive organs of flowers, in the center of most flowers |
| pistil | the female part of the flower collectively |
| stigma | where pollen grains land |
| style | a necklike structure through which the pollen tube grows |
| ovary | an enlarged structure that contains one or more ovules |
| embryo sac | a mature female gametophyte |
| polar nuclei | each central cell with two nuclei |
| endosperm | a nutrient rish tissue with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that nourishes the growing embryo |
| double fertilization | a fertilization process which involves two separate nuclear fusions |
| fruit | a seed that is fertilized develops, the ovary wall becomes the fruit |
| progymnosperms | leaves that are megaphylls, and woody tissue |
| seed ferns | seed bearing woody plants with fernlike leaves |
| coevolution | mutual adaptation |
| paraphyletic | group containing descendants all from one common ancestor |
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