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Biology Quiz 3
Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autotrophs | self-feeders; they sustain themselves from the organic molecules they produce from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment. |
| Almost all plants are... | autotrophs, because they required water and minerals from soul and CO2 from air as nutrients. |
| Plants are... | photoautotrophs, because they use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances. |
| Autotrophs are referred to as: | "producers" of the biosphere. |
| Heterotrophs | obtain their organic materials from other organisms; they are unable to make their own food. |
| Heterotrophs are referred to as: | "consumers" of the biosphere. |
| All green parts of a plant have... | chloroplasts. |
| The leaves are the major site of... | photosynthesis for most plants. |
| How many chloroplasts are there per square millimeters of leaf surfaces? | about half a million chloroplasts. |
| The color of a leaf comes from: | chlorophyll (the green pigment in the chloroplasts). |
| Chlorophyll plays an important role in the... | absorption of light energy during photosynthesis. |
| Where are chloroplasts mainly found? | in mesophyll cells, forming the tissues in the interior of the leaf. |
| __ exits and __ enters the leaf through microscopic pores called ____ in the leaf. | O2; CO2; stomata |
| Veins deliver ___ from the roots and carry off ___ from mesophyll cells to nonphotosynthetic areas of the plant. | water; sugar |
| A typical mesophyll cell has ___-___ chloroplasts, each measuring about ___-___ micrometers by ___-___ micrometers. | 30-40; 2-4; 4-7 |
| Each chloroplast has two membranes around a central aqueous space called: | stroma |
| In the stroma is an elaborate system of interconnected membraneous sacs, the | thylakoids |
| The interior of the thylakoids forms another compartment: | thylakoid space. |
| Thylakoids may be stacked in columns called: | grana. |
| Chlorophyll is located in: | the membranes of the thylakoids. |
| Photosynthetic prokaryotes lack | chloroplasts. |
| Photosynthetic prokaryotes: their photosynthetic membranes arise from infolded regions of the plasma membranes called: | thylakoid membranes. |
| Equations describing the process of photosynthesis: | 6CO2+6H2O+light energy ---> C6H12O6+6O2 |
| [CH2O] represents the general formula for: | carbohydrates |
| Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are: | Redox reactions. |
| During cellular respiration, energy is released from ___ when electrons associated with hydrogen are transported by carriers to oxygen, forming ____ as a by-product. | sugar; water |
| The electrons lose ____ energy as they "fall" down the electron transport chain toward electronegative oxygen, and the mitochondrion harnesses that energy to synthesize ____. | potential; ATP |
| Photosynthesis _____ the direction of electron flow. | reverses |
| Water is ___ and electrons are transferred with ___ from water to ____ reducing it to _____. | split; H+; CO2; sugar |
| Because the electrons increase in potential energy as they move from water to sugar, the process requires ____. | energy, which is provided by light. |
| CO2+H2O+light energy ---> [CH2O]+O2 represents the general formula for a: | carbohydrate |
| Photosynthesis is two processes: | light reactions and the Calvin Cycle |
| Light Reactions (photo) | convert solar energy to chemical energy. |
| Calvin Cycle (synthesis) | uses energy from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 from the atmosphere into sugar. |
| Water is split, providing a source of electrons and protons (H+ ions) and giving off O2 as a by-product. | Light Reaction |
| Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from water to NADP+, forming NADPH. | Light Reaction |
| The light reaction also generates ATP using __________, in a process called ______________. | chemiosmosis; photophosphorylation. |
| Light energy is initially converted to ______ in the form of 2 compounds: NADPH & ATP. | chemical energy. |
| Light Energy: NADPH | A source of electrons as reducing power that can be passed along to an electron acceptor. |
| Light Energy: ATP | The energy currency of cells. |
| Do light reactions produce sugar? | No; sugar is produced in the second stage of photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle). |
| Calvin Cycle begins with the incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules, a process known as: | Carbon Fixation |
| The Calvin Cycle makes sugar, but only with the help of ____ and ____ from the light reactions. | ATP & NADPH |
| The chloroplast uses light energy to make sugar by coordinating the two stages of photosynthesis: | Light Reactions, occurs at the thylakoids ... and Calvin Cycle, occurs in the stroma. |
| In the thylakoids, molecules of NADP+ (electrons) and ADP pick up electrons and phosphate, and NADPH & ATP, released to the ____, where they play a crucial roles in the Calvin Cycle. | stroma |
| The Calvin Cycle is ____, using energy to build sugar from smaller molecules. | anabolic. |
| Carbon enters the cycle as ____ and leaves as ____. | CO2; sugar. |
| The ___ spends the sugar of ATP from the light reactions and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH to make sugar. | cycle |
| The cycle begins by incorporating ____ from the air into organic molecules, this initial incorporation is known as: | Carbon Fixation |
| Carbon Fixation: The enzyme responsible for catalyzing this reaction is called... | RuBP Carboxylase (Rubisco) |
| The fixed carbon is reduced with electrons provided by NADPH to form a three-carbon sugar, called: | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) |
| The actual sugar product of the Calvin Cycle is not glucose but a three-carbon sugar, called: | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) |
| Each turn of the Calvin Cycle fixes ___ carbon. | one (thus, needs to turn 3 times for G3P). |
| For the net synthesis of one G3P molecule, the cycle must take place _____ times, fixing three molecules of CO2. | 3 (three) |
| To make one glucose molecule requires ___ cycles and fixation of six CO2 molecules. | 6 (six) |
| The metabolic steps of the Calvin Cycle are sometimes referred to as the ________, because none of the steps requires light directly. | light-independent reactions |
| The Calvin Cycle in most plants occurs during _______ because that is when the light reactions can provide the ____ and ____ the Calvin Cycle requires. | daylight; NADPH; ATP |
| The Calvin Cycle has three phases: | Carbon Fixation; Reduction; Regeneration of Rubisco/CO2 acceptor |
| Light is a form of _________ or _____. | electromagnetic energy; radiation |
| Light travels in _______. | rhythmic waves |
| Wavelengths are... | the distance between crests of electromagnetic waves. |
| Range from shorter than a nanometer: | Gamma Rays |
| Range from longer than a kilometer: | Radio Waves |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | entire range of electromagnetic radiation |
| The most important segment of electromagnetic spectrum for life: | band between 380 and 750 nm, because it is the visible light detected as various colors by the human eye. |
| Photon | discrete particle (light wave) |
| Photons with shorter wavelengths pack ___ energy. | more |
| Visible light is the radiation that drives _____. | photosynthesis |
| When light meets matter, the light may be: | reflected; transmitted; absorbed |
| Wavelengths that are absorbed... | disappear |
| A leaf looks green because of .... | chlorophyll |
| Chlorophyll... | absorbs red and violet-blue light while transmitting/reflecting green light. |
| Chlorophyll A | participates directly in the light reactions; absorbs best in the red & violet-blue wavelenghts and worst in the green. |
| Chlorophyll B & Carotenoids | are accessory pigments |
| Only ____________ participates directly in the light reactions, but accessory photosynthetic pigments absorb light and transfer energy to _______. | chlorophyll a |
| Carotenoids... | absorb/dissipate excessive light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen to form reactive oxidative molecules that could damage the cell. |
| The excite state is ______, and the energy is released as ____ as the electron drop back to its ground-state orbital. | unstable; heat. |
| Some chlorophyll molecules emit photons of light, called _____, as their electrons return to ground state. | fluorescence |
| Photosynthesis Effective Wavelengths: 400-500 nm | violet-blue |
| Photosynthesis Effective Wavelengths: 680-750 nm | red |
| Photosystem is located in the ________. | thylakoid membrane |
| Photosystem is composed of a protein complex called a | reaction-center complex, which includes two special chlorophyll a molecules, surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes. |
| The light harvesting complexes act as an ______ for the reaction-center complex. | antenna |
| When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, the energy is transferred until is is funneled into the | reaction-center complex. |
| At the reaction center is a _______________, which accepts an excited electrons from the reaction center chlorophyll a. | primary electron acceptor |
| The solar-powered transfer of an electron from a special chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the _______. | light reactions |
| The electron passes through an electron transport chain to produce ____ and ______. | ATP; NADPH+ |
| 2 types of Photosystems in the Thylakoid Membrane: | PS 2 & PS 1 |
| Photosystem 2 (PS 2) | also called, P680...as it absorbs 680 wavelength of light the best. |
| Photosystem 1 (PS 1) | also called, P700. |
| Chloroplasts and Mitochondria generate ATP by the same basic mechanism. | Similarity |
| Electron transport chain pumps protons across a membrane as electrons are passed along a series of increasingly electronegative carries. | Similarity |
| ATP synthase molecules harness the proton-motive force to generate ATP as H+ diffuses back across the membrane: | Similarity |
| Mitochondria use chemiosmosis to transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP; chloroplasts transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP. | Difference |
| In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2 occurs via _____, forming a three-carbon compound called _________. | rubisco; 3-phosphoglycerate |
| C3 plants include: | rice, wheat and soybeans |
| When the stomata of C3 plants partially close on a hot/dry day, CO2 levels _____ as CO2 is consumed in the Calvin Cycle. | drop |
| When the stomata of C3 plants partially close on a hot/dry day, O2 levels _____ as the light reactions convert light to chemical energy. | rise |
| (C3 plants) Rubisco can add O2 to _____. | RuBP |
| When rubisco adds O2 to RuBP, RuBP splits into a three-carbon piece and a two-carbon piece in a process called: | photorespiration |
| Photorespiration ____ ATP, unlike normal respiration. | consumes |
| Photorespiration acts to neutralize otherwise damaging products of the light reactions. True/False? | True |
| C4 Plants belong to the ____ family. | sugarcane |
| C4 Plants: | bundle-sheath cells & mesophyll cells. |
| The enzyme PEP stands for: | Phosphoenolpyruvate |
| PEP has a much higher affinity for CO2 than ______ and no affinity for Oxygen, so it is capable of fixing carbon efficiently when CO2 levels are low in the leaves in hot/dry conditions. | rubisco |
| C4 photosynthesis minimizes ______ and _____ sugar production. | photorespiration; increases |
| CAM stands for: | Crassulacean Acid Metabolism |
| CAM is a mode of carbon fixation where... | stomata remains closed during the day and intakes CO2 only at night. Organic acids are then converted to sugar during the day when the light reaction can supply ATP and NADPH form the Calvin Cycle. |
Created by:
kserrano005
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