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bio 22 chapter 10

chapter 10

QuestionAnswer
 Define taxonomy The science of the classification of organisms.
 Define phylogeny • Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a group of organisms; phylogenetic relationships are evolutionary relationships o All Species Inventory (2001–2025)  To identify all species of life on Earth
 What are the five kingdoms? • Grouped into clades based on rRNA 1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Fungi 4. Protista 5. ????
 What are the three domains? 1. Eukarya 2. Bacteria 3. Archaea
What are some key differences between the prokaryotic domains. • In addition to differences in rRNA, the three domains differ in membrane lipid structure, transfer RNA molecules, and sensitivity to antibiotics.
Why is rRNA crucial in demonstration phylogenetic relationships? (pp.277- 278) • Prokaryotic relationships are determined by rRNA sequencing. • Classification is based on similarities in nucleotide sequences in rRNA. Classes are divided into orders; orders, into families; families, into genera; and genera, into species.
 What is scientific nomenclature? The system of having two names (genus and specific epithet or species) for each organism; also called binomial nomenclature.
Provide an example of how to name an organism. • Both names are printed underlined or italicized. The genus name is always capitalized and is always a noun. The species name is lowercase and is usually an adjective. •Homo sapiens: The noun, or genus, means man; the specific epithet, means wise.
 List the taxonomic hierarchy (Domain to species). • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
 What is the difference between a strain and a species? • Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone. o A group of bacteria derived from a single cell is called a strain. • species: A population of cells with similar characteristics. o Closely related strains constitute a bacterial species.
 What are the purposes of the Bergey’s Manuals (systematic) • Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Provides phylogenetic and identification information on bacteria and archaea based on rRNA sequencing.
 What are the purposes of the Bergey’s Manuals ( derminative)? • Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology: Provides identification schemes (Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests) for identifying bacteria and archaea.
 Why ais staining vital to identification? pt 1 • Most bacteria are either gram-positive or gram-negative. Other differential stains, such as the acid-fast stain, can be useful for a more limited group of microorganisms.
 Why is staining vital to identification? pt 2 • Microscopic examination of a Gram stain or an acid-fast stain is used to obtain information quickly in the clinical environment.
 Why is colony description vital to identification? pt 1 • The time needed to identify bacteria can be reduced considerably by the use of selective and differential media or by rapid identification methods.
 Why is colony description vital to identification? pt 2 selective media contain ingredients that suppress the growth of competing organisms and encourage the growth of desired ones, and that differential media allow the desired organism to form a colony that is somehow distinctive.
 What is the purpose of biochemical testing? • Determines presence of bacterial enzymes o is used in identifying microorganisms.
 Provide three examples of serological testing. ELISA, Western blotting and Slide Agglutination Test are examples of serological tests.
How are Slide agulation test performed? add a know antibody with an unknown bacteria.
How are direct ELISA performed? o In a direct ELISA, known antibodies are placed in (and adhere to) the wells of a microplate, and an unknown type of bacterium is added to each well. A reaction between the known antibodies and the bacteria provides identification of the bacteria.
How are Western blotting performed? 1) Proteins are separated by an electric current. 2) The proteins are then transferred to a filter by blotting. 3) serum is washed over the filter. antibodies and protein will combine. 4) This will be made visible as a colored band.
o Antibody: A protein produced by the body in response to an antigen, and capable of combining specifically with that antigen.
o Antigen: Any substance that causes antibody formation; also called immunogen.
what is phage typing? • Phage typing is a test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to.
 How is phage typing performed? starts with a plate totally covered with bacteria growing on agar. A drop of each different phage type to be used in the test is placed on the bacteria. Wherever the phages are able to infect and lyse the bacteria, clearings appear.
What is the significance phage typing? • Like serological testing, phage typing looks for similarities among bacteria. • The sources of food-associated infections can be traced by phage typing.
 How is the percentage of G+C useful in classifying microbes? pt 1 • Taxonomists can use an organism's DNA base composition to draw conclusions about relatedness. This base composition is expressed guanine plus cytosine (G + C)%.
 How is the percentage of G+C useful in classifying microbes? pt 2 The base composition of a single species is theoretically a fixed property; thus, a comparison of the G + C content in different species can reveal the degree of species relatedness.
 Is PCR a useful method in identification? Why? How? • Yes • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to increase the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by gel electrophoresis.
 What is nucleic acid hybridizaiton? The process of combining single complementary strands of DNA. • Single strands of DNA, or of DNA and RNA, from related organisms will hydrogen-bond to form a double-stranded molecule; this bonding is called nucleic acid hybridization.
Provide examples of test that use nucleic acid hybridizaiton technology? Southern blotting, DNA Chips, Ribotyping and Ribosomal RNA Sequencing and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH).
 What is a dichotomous key? An identification scheme based on successive paired questions; answering one question leads to another pair of questions, until an organism is identified.
Created by: xsavier1
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