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ch 15 Microbiology
notes from class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| etiology | the cause of the disease |
| pathogenesis | the manner in which a disease developes |
| syndrome | a specific group of symptoms or signs that may always acompany a particular disease |
| virulence | the degree of pathogenicity (overcome host) of a microorganism |
| spreadable disease | disease that spreads from one host to another directly or indirectly- communicable disease |
| non-spreadable disease | not spread from one host to another ex: clostridium tetani |
| sporadic disease | a particular disease that occurs only occasionally |
| endemic disease | a disease constantly present in a population |
| epidemic disease | many people acquire a disease in a short period of time |
| pandemic disease | an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide (Aids) |
| acute disease | a disease that developes rapidly but lasts only a short time- ex: influenza , flu |
| chronic disease | a disease that developes more slowly and bodys reactions may be less severe continues or reoccurs for long time periods |
| subacute disease | a disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic ex: subacute selerosirig panencephalitis, brain disease nervous function loss |
| latent | a disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease ex: shingles |
| local infection | infection is one in which the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body ex: boils |
| systemic infection | generalized infection- microorganisms or their products spread through body by blood or lymph ex: measles |
| focal infection | enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to another specific body part, where they are confined to specific areas of the body ex: tonsils, teeth. sinus |
| bacteremia | presence of bacteria in the blood |
| septicemia (sepsis) | blood poisoning, systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood |
| Infection - Primary | an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
| Infection- Secondary | an infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the bodies defenses |
| Infection - Inapparent | subclinical infection that does not cause any noticable illness- polio virus; a virus can be carried by people who never get the disease |
| Transmission - Direct | person to person, direct transmission fromanagent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host, no intermediate object involved |
| Transmission - Indirect | agent transferred from its reservoir to a susceptable host by means of a living host |
| Droplet transmission | microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucas droplets) by coughing, sneezing,etc. less than 1 meter |
| vehicle transmission | transmission of disease by agents by a medium such as water, food, air |
| vector transmission * most important cases | animals (anthropods) that carry pathogens from one host to another |
| Epidemiology - incidence | the fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a particular period of time #cases/100,000 |
| Epidemiology - prevalence | the fraction of the population having a specific disease at a given time #cases/ 100,000 |
| Epidemiology- descriptive | entails collecting all data that describe the occurance of the disease understudy |
| Epidemiology - analytical | analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause |
| 4 Reservoirs of disease | 1 sick people, 2 carriers,3 animals,4 environment |
| 4 Routes of transmission | contact,(person to person or formite) droplet,(3-4 ft from cough) vehicle,( water food blood) vector ( anthropod-insects) |
| Portals of Exit | Respitory, GI gastro intestinal, Urogenital, skin/wound damage |
| Nosocomial disease | 5-15% effected Hospital aquired disease susceptable population, break in the skin. proven virolent pathogens |
| Most common Nosocomial organisms | E.coli , Interococcus, Staph aureus(MRSA), Pseudomonas |
| Aseptic Techniques | Handwashing, gloves& changing, watch antibiotic use, isolation room, basic disenfection & proper chemicals /dillution time |
| Incubation period of disease time between infection & appearance of signs/symptoms | Prodromal phase/mild symptoms,Illness phase/see signs & symptoms,Acme/peak of illness,Decline phase/s&s subside risk for 2nd infection,convelescence period/healing stage -can still shed pathogens |
| Predisposing factors to get a disease.... | genetics, climate, nutrition, fatigue,habits |
| Portals of Entry | Digestion, respitory, urogenital, skin, mucus |
| 3 basic factors whether microbia will cause disease | microbe is capable of causing disease (E coli H70157, number and dosage- larger better , host resistance- predisposition factors |
| 3 Basics to get disease-have to happen | 1 Adhere/stick 2 Coherence-grow in number 3 Penetrate to get target |
| pathogen survival structures | structures resistant to phagocytosis capsules, M proteins |
| chemicals to help survival of disease | leukocidines-kill white blood cells coagulase-can clot "hide" bacteria staphlo kinase / strep throat dissolves clots |
| Hyaluronidase- chemicals that help survival of disease | degrades glue hilding cells together |
| Siderophere- chemicals that help survival of disease | Bacterial iron building proteins IBP (iron blding proteins)in transferren |
| Mechanisms of disease productivity How? | kills cells, change behavior of cells, causes body to damage itself (bee sting) direct invasion via toxins & messenger molecules exotoxins & endotoxins |
| Exotoxins - characteristics | secreted,proteins/enzymes (dipheria, botcholism) so specific, sensitive to heat/ salt , gram positive can be denatured (usually) |
| symptoms of exotoxins symptoms of endotoxins | exo-fever, shock, vomiting, nausea,some deadly endo-chills,fevers, aches,shock, weakness |
| type 1 exotoxin- super antigen | exagerated inappropriate immune response in the body-takes from flood of mess. molecules cytokines |
| type 2 exotoxin- membrane disruption | lyse the cell EX: leakocidine- kill WBC's hemolysins- kill RBC's |
| type 3 A-B Toxin most common | Active binding between A & B ex: diapherrea toxin |
| Cytotoxins | toxins that effect cells |
| Neuro toxins | toxins that effect nerves cells, muscles- kill you by stop breathing |
| Entero toxins- | affect GI |
| Endotoxins- characteristics | less potent & less specific than exotoxins all the same regardless of source, all give same signs and symptoms, part of cell wall of gram negative bacteria, in outer membrane /lipopoly sacharide in lipid A portion, act via cytokines , release IL1 |
| Test for endotoxin- LAI Limulus amoebocyte(horseshoecrab) lysate assay | lyses, clots . respond to endotoxin in horseshoecrab antobodies not effected things get worse b4 better with endotoxins |
| How Plasmids contribute to disease | offer antibiotic resistance can transport toxins, addhesins |
| How Phages contribute to disease | lysogenic phages hang out in chromosomes and produce chemicals |
| viruses | non- bacterial pathogen mechanisms |
| funguses | act via toxins, give allergic give allergic response,hallucinations(ergot/mushroom), could kill you neuro toxin- can't breath |
| Protozoa-protists | protists are mostly harmless algae,dinoflagellates,paralultis shellfish dis. ciguatera toxin directly kill amoeba |
Created by:
ahhelen
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