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Nursing 102
Module D
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Core Temperature | Temperature of the deep tissues |
| Thermoregulation | physiological and behavioral mechanisms regulate the balance between lost heat and heat production |
| Hypothalamus | controls body temp |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | accounts for the heat producted by the body at absolute rest |
| Nonshivering thermogenesis | Primarily in neonates, b/c they have a limited amt of vascular brown tissue present at birth, which is metabolized for heat production |
| Shivering | an involuntary body response to the differences in the body, can increase heat production 4-5 times greater than normal |
| Radiation | Transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without direct contact. |
| conduction | transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact |
| convection | transfer of heat away by air movements |
| evaporation | transfer of heat energy when liquid is changed to gas, body loses 600-900 mL per day through evaporation |
| Diaphoresis | visible perspiration primarily occuring on the forehead and upper thorax |
| Pyrexia/fever | occurs b/c heat loss mechanisms are unable to keep pace with exxcess heat production |
| Pyrogens | Bacteria/viruses that elevate body temp |
| Febrile | with fever |
| afebrile | without fever |
| fever of unknown origin (FUO) | fever whose cause cannot be determined |
| Malignant hyperthermia | hereditary conditions of uncontrolled heat production, occuring when susceptible persons receive certain anestetic drugs |
| Hyperthermia | Elevated body temp related to the body's inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat production |
| Heat stroke | dangerous heat emergency with a high mortality rate |
| heat exhaustion | occurs when profuse diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss |
| Hypothermia | classifies by core temp measurements, low temp |
| Frostbite | occurs when body is exposed to subnormal temps |
| Celsius | C= (F/1.8) - 32 |
| Fahrenheit | F=(C*1.8) + 32 |
| Cardiac output | Product of HR and the SV, p 520-521 |
| Radial pulse | used to teach pt to learn how to monitor their own heart rates |
| brachial pulse | use for infants and young children |
| apical pulse | use for infants and young children and if irregular heartbeat in adults |
| tachycardia | abnormally elevated HR, above 100 pbm |
| Bradycardia | Slow rate, below 60 bpm |
| Pulse deficit | Created by inefficient contractions of the heart that fail to transmit a pulse wave to the peripheral pulse site |
| Dysrhymia | Interval interrupted by an early or late beat or a missed beat indicates an abnormal rhythm, described as regularly irregular or irregularly irregular |
| Sinus dysrhythmia | In children, an irregular heartbeat that speeds up with inspiration and slows down with expiration |
| Pulse documentation | strong, weak, thready, or bounding |
| ventilation | movement of gases in and out of the lungs |
| diffusion | the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells |
| Perfusion | the distribution of the red blood cells to and from the pulmonary capillaries |
| Eupnea | normal rate and depth of ventilation |
| Hyppoxemia | low levels of arterial 02, if arterial levels fall these receptors signal the brain to increase the rate and depth of ventilation. |
| Blood Pressure | force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pulsing blood pressure from the heart |
| Systolic pressure | The peak of max pressure when ejections occurs |
| Diastolic pressure | Ventricles relax and blood remaining in arteries exerts min pressure |
| Pulse pressure | Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| Hematocrit | Percentage of red blood cells in the blood |
| Hypertension | Most common alteration in the blood pressure, high blood pressure |
| Orthostatic hypotnsion | Aka postural hypotension, occurs when a normotensive person develops syptoms and low blood pressure when rising to an upright position |
| Sphygmomanometer | Blood Pressure manometer, occlusive cloth or vinyl cuff that encloses inflatable rubber bladder, and a pressure bulb with a release valve that inflates the bladder |
| Auscultatory gap | When brachial artery pressure is heard while cuff pressure is high, then disappears when pressure is reduced, then reappear at lower level, p545 |
| How do you obtain core temperature? | Point at which a person is aware of pain |
| Transduction | Energy of stimuli converted to electrical energy |
| Nociceptor | Sensory peripheral pain nerve fiber |
| Neurotransmitters | Surround the pain fibers in the extracellular fluid, spread pain message and cause inflammatory response |
| Pain threshold | point at which a person feels pain |
| acute pain | protective, has an identifiable cause, short duration, limited tissue damages and emotional response |
| chronic pain | lasts longer than anticipated; not always identifiable cause, leads to great personal suffering |
| pseudoaddiction | when a person with chronic noncancer pain appears to be drug seeking and is actually seeking pain relief |
| chronic episodic pain | sporadically over extended duration |
| cancer pain | not present in all cancer patients, sometimes nociceptive and or neuropathic, pt senses pain at the actual site of tumor or distant to the site (aka referred pain) |
| idiopathic pain | chronic pain in the absence of an identifiable physical or psychological cause or pain perceived as excessive for the extent of an organic pathological condition |
| ABCDE | Ask, Believe, Choose, Deliver, Empower |
| Nonpharmacological pain-relief interventions | distraction, prayer, relaxatoin, guided imagery, music, and biofeedback |
| cutaneous stimulation | stimulation of the skin with a mild electrical current passed though external electrodes |
| analgesics | most common and effective method of pain relief 3 types: nonopiods, opioids (aka narcotics), adjuvants.coanalgesics (enhance analgesics) |
| NSAIDS | nonsteroids anti-inflammatory drugs |
| PCA | patient controlled analgesic, drug delivery system that allows pt to self-administer opioids with miniman risk of overdose |
| Local anesthesia | local infiltration of an anesthesia of an anesthetic med to induce loss of sensation |
| regional anesthesia | injection of a local anesthetic to block a group of sensory nerve fibers |
| epidural analgesia | common for tx of acute postoperative pn. L&D pain, and chronic pain |
Created by:
Sarahmarie001
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