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Sherer Ch9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| set of numeric dose limits based on calculations of various risks of cancer and genetic fx to tissues or organs exposed to radiation | effective dose limiting system |
| basis of effective dose limiting system | risk of radiation-induced malignancy & cancerous neoplasms caused by exposure to ionizing radiation |
| 4 organizations that oversee radiation protection | IRCP, NRCP, UNCEAR, NSA/NCR-BEIR |
| evaluate info in biologic effects of radiation and provide radiation protection guidance thru general recommendation on occupational and public dose limits. | IRCP - International Commission on Radiological Protection |
| Reviews regulations formulated by the IRCP and decided ways to include those recommendations in the US radiation protection criteria | NRCP - National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements |
| Evaluates human & environmental radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions, provides info to organizations such as IRCP for eval | UNSCEAR - United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |
| Reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as IRCP for eval | NAS/NRC-BEIR - Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation |
| is the NRCP an enforcement agency? | no |
| US regulatory agencies that enforce radiation protections standards | NRC, Agreement states, EPA, FDA, OSHA |
| Oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards, publishes rules and regulations, enters into agreements with state governments permitting state to license and regulate use of radioisotopes & other materials | NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
| Enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments | Agreement states |
| Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| Conducts ongoing radiation control program, regulating design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment | US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) |
| Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) |
| has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security | Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) |
| determines action level for radon | EPA |
| conducts on site inspections of x-ray equipment, especially mammography units | FDA |
| standards ensure protection of occupational and non occupationally exposed persons from faulty manufacturing | FDA |
| mandates that a radiation safety committe (RSC) be established for the facility to assist in development of rhe radiation safety program | NRC |
| Ensures facility follows internationally accepted guidelines for rad protection. normally a medical physicist, health physicist, radiologist, or ohter inficifual qualified through adequate training and experience. | Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) |
| responsible for developing appropriate radiation safety program for facility to ensure all persons are adequately protected from radiation | radiation safety officer (RSO) |
| responsible for maintaining all radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who recieve monitor readings in excess of allowable limits | RSO |
| duties that RSO required to perform | ID rad safety problems; initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action; stop unsafe operations involving byproduct material; verify implementation of corrective actions |
| enacted to protect the public from unneccessary exposure resulting from electronic products such as microwaves, color TVs, and x-ray equipment | Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act 1968 |
| required establishment of minimal standards for accreditation of educational programs for persons who perform radiologic procedures and certification of those persons | Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety act of 1981 |
| effects directly related to the dose recieved | nonstochastic (deterministic) effects |
| randomly occuring biologic somatic changes in which the chance of occurrence of the effect rather than the severity of the effect is proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation | stochastic (probablistic) effects |
| mutations developed in reproductive cells that could have injurious consequence in subsequent generation | mutagenesis |
| 2 objectives of radiation protection | prevent clinically important radiation-induced nonstochastic effect from occuring, limit risk of stochastic responses to conservative level |
| possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation | risk |
| current method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and general public | effective dose limit |
| occuaptional risk percentage for radiographers | 2.5% chance of fatal accident over entire career |
| total external plus internal cumulative EfD limit | age in years x 10mSv |
| greatest risk for radiation induced mental retardation for embryo-fetus | 8-15 weeks after conception |
| indicate the riatio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of given organ or tissue to the total risk when whole body is uniformly irradiated | Tissue Weighting Factor |
| Tissue weighting factor of bone surface & skin | 0.01 |
| Tissue weighting factor of Bladder, Breast, Liver, Esophagus, Thyroid | 0.05 |
| Tissue weighting factor of red bone marrow, colon, lung, stomach | 0.12 |
| Tissue weighting factor of gonads | 0.20 |
| annual occupational effective dose limit | 50 mSv or 5mrem |
| what is not included in dose limits (annual or lifetime) | background radiation, or exposure from medical procedures |
| recommended EfD for non occupationally exposed persons from artificial sources other than medical and natural background - countinous or frequent exposure | 1 mSv (.1 rem) |
| infrequent exposure dose limit for non occupationally exposed persons | 5 mSv (.5 rem) |
| monthly EqD for pregnant workers per month | .5 mSv (.05 rem) |
| Entire pregnancy EqD limit | 5 mSv (.5 rem) |
| Cumulative dose limit | 10 mSv x age |
| annual EqD occupational limit for lens of eye | 150 mSv |
| annual EqD occupational limit for localized area of the skin, hands, and feet | 500 mSv |
| annual public exposure limit for EqD to lens of eye | 15 mSv |
| annual public exposure limit for EqD to localized areas of skin, hands, feet | 50 mSv |
| annual limit for remedial action for natural sources (excluding radon) | >5 mSv |
| annual limit for exposure to radon and its decay products | >26 J/(sm^3) (>2 WLM) |
| annual effective dose limit for educational and training purposes | 1 mSv |
| annual EqD limit for lens of eye for educational and training purposes | 15 mSv |
| annual EqD limit for localized area of skin, hands, feet for educational and training purposes | 50 mSv |
| negligible individual annual dose | .01 mSv |
| below this EfD level, a reduction of individual exposure is unnecessary | negligible individual dose |
| set by health care facilities to trigger investigation into unusually high exposure | action limits |
| what are action limits typically set at? | 1/10 the actual limit |
| beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continuously exposed to moderately high levels of radiation | radiation hormesis effect |
Created by:
jen.studer
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