Sherer Ch9
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| set of numeric dose limits based on calculations of various risks of cancer and genetic fx to tissues or organs exposed to radiation | effective dose limiting system
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| basis of effective dose limiting system | risk of radiation-induced malignancy & cancerous neoplasms caused by exposure to ionizing radiation
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| 4 organizations that oversee radiation protection | IRCP, NRCP, UNCEAR, NSA/NCR-BEIR
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| evaluate info in biologic effects of radiation and provide radiation protection guidance thru general recommendation on occupational and public dose limits. | IRCP - International Commission on Radiological Protection
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| Reviews regulations formulated by the IRCP and decided ways to include those recommendations in the US radiation protection criteria | NRCP - National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
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| Evaluates human & environmental radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions, provides info to organizations such as IRCP for eval | UNSCEAR - United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
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| Reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as IRCP for eval | NAS/NRC-BEIR - Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
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| is the NRCP an enforcement agency? | no
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| US regulatory agencies that enforce radiation protections standards | NRC, Agreement states, EPA, FDA, OSHA
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| Oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards, publishes rules and regulations, enters into agreements with state governments permitting state to license and regulate use of radioisotopes & other materials | NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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| Enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments | Agreement states
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| Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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| Conducts ongoing radiation control program, regulating design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment | US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
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| Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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| has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security | Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
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| determines action level for radon | EPA
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| conducts on site inspections of x-ray equipment, especially mammography units | FDA
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| standards ensure protection of occupational and non occupationally exposed persons from faulty manufacturing | FDA
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| mandates that a radiation safety committe (RSC) be established for the facility to assist in development of rhe radiation safety program | NRC
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| Ensures facility follows internationally accepted guidelines for rad protection. normally a medical physicist, health physicist, radiologist, or ohter inficifual qualified through adequate training and experience. | Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
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| responsible for developing appropriate radiation safety program for facility to ensure all persons are adequately protected from radiation | radiation safety officer (RSO)
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| responsible for maintaining all radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who recieve monitor readings in excess of allowable limits | RSO
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| duties that RSO required to perform | ID rad safety problems; initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action; stop unsafe operations involving byproduct material; verify implementation of corrective actions
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| enacted to protect the public from unneccessary exposure resulting from electronic products such as microwaves, color TVs, and x-ray equipment | Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act 1968
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| required establishment of minimal standards for accreditation of educational programs for persons who perform radiologic procedures and certification of those persons | Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety act of 1981
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| effects directly related to the dose recieved | nonstochastic (deterministic) effects
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| randomly occuring biologic somatic changes in which the chance of occurrence of the effect rather than the severity of the effect is proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation | stochastic (probablistic) effects
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| mutations developed in reproductive cells that could have injurious consequence in subsequent generation | mutagenesis
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| 2 objectives of radiation protection | prevent clinically important radiation-induced nonstochastic effect from occuring, limit risk of stochastic responses to conservative level
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| possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation | risk
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| current method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and general public | effective dose limit
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| occuaptional risk percentage for radiographers | 2.5% chance of fatal accident over entire career
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| total external plus internal cumulative EfD limit | age in years x 10mSv
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| greatest risk for radiation induced mental retardation for embryo-fetus | 8-15 weeks after conception
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| indicate the riatio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of given organ or tissue to the total risk when whole body is uniformly irradiated | Tissue Weighting Factor
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| Tissue weighting factor of bone surface & skin | 0.01
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| Tissue weighting factor of Bladder, Breast, Liver, Esophagus, Thyroid | 0.05
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| Tissue weighting factor of red bone marrow, colon, lung, stomach | 0.12
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| Tissue weighting factor of gonads | 0.20
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| annual occupational effective dose limit | 50 mSv or 5mrem
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| what is not included in dose limits (annual or lifetime) | background radiation, or exposure from medical procedures
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| recommended EfD for non occupationally exposed persons from artificial sources other than medical and natural background - countinous or frequent exposure | 1 mSv (.1 rem)
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| infrequent exposure dose limit for non occupationally exposed persons | 5 mSv (.5 rem)
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| monthly EqD for pregnant workers per month | .5 mSv (.05 rem)
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| Entire pregnancy EqD limit | 5 mSv (.5 rem)
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| Cumulative dose limit | 10 mSv x age
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| annual EqD occupational limit for lens of eye | 150 mSv
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| annual EqD occupational limit for localized area of the skin, hands, and feet | 500 mSv
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| annual public exposure limit for EqD to lens of eye | 15 mSv
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| annual public exposure limit for EqD to localized areas of skin, hands, feet | 50 mSv
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| annual limit for remedial action for natural sources (excluding radon) | >5 mSv
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| annual limit for exposure to radon and its decay products | >26 J/(sm^3) (>2 WLM)
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| annual effective dose limit for educational and training purposes | 1 mSv
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| annual EqD limit for lens of eye for educational and training purposes | 15 mSv
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| annual EqD limit for localized area of skin, hands, feet for educational and training purposes | 50 mSv
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| negligible individual annual dose | .01 mSv
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| below this EfD level, a reduction of individual exposure is unnecessary | negligible individual dose
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| set by health care facilities to trigger investigation into unusually high exposure | action limits
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| what are action limits typically set at? | 1/10 the actual limit
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| beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continuously exposed to moderately high levels of radiation | radiation hormesis effect
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