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Chapter 3 biology
The molecules of cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic Compounds | Carbon-based molecules |
| Hydrocarbons | Methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen |
| Carbon skeleton | A chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule |
| Macromolecule | Giant molecules |
| Polymer | Large molecules joining smaller molecules into chains |
| Carbohydrate | refers to a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides. |
| Monomer | The building blocks of polymers. |
| Dehydration reaction | A reaction that removes a molecule of water. builds polymers. |
| Hydrolysis | breaks down polymers. Cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them |
| Enzymes | Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
| Monosaccharides | Carbohydrate monomers. the simplest carbohydrates. sugar monomers |
| Disaccharide | Cells construct it from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| Polysaccharide | Polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reaction |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers. coil into helical shape(angled bonds). can be branched or unbranched. EX: starch in plant cells to provide energy as sugars |
| Glycogen | Excess sugar in the form of another glucose polysaccharide. more highly branched. stored in liver and muscle cells. EX: stored in liver and muscle cells and obtained through hydrolysis. turns to glucose |
| Cellulose | The most abundant organic compound on Earth. a polymer of glucose. parallel arrangement of Hydrogen bonds=fibril(provides support) EX: forms in tough walls of plant cells. most animals do not have enzymes to break down cellulose(through hydrolysis). |
| Chitin | Structural polysaccharide. EX: used by insects and crustaceans to build exoskeleton. It is in cell walls of fungi. used as surgical thread. |
| Lipids | Hydrophobic compounds that are important in energy storage. Fats are lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids. Functions: 1) Energy storage 2) Cushion vital organs 3) body insulation. |
| Fats | A large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Saturated | Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens. |
| Unsaturated | Fat with less that the maximum number of hydrogens. |
Created by:
helenep
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